{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T15:37:58Z","timestamp":1782315478048,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Remote sensing technology plays an increasingly important role in land surface temperature (LST) research. However, various remote sensing data have spatial\u2013temporal scales contradictions. In order to address this problem in LST research, the current study downscaled LST based on three different models (multiple linear regression (MLR), thermal sharpen (TsHARP) and random forest (RF)) from 1 km to 100 m to analyze surface urban heat island (SUHI) in daytime (10:30 a.m.) and nighttime (10:30 p.m.) of four seasons, based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)\/LST products and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI). This research used an area (25 \u00d7 25 km) of Hangzhou with high spatial heterogeneity as the study area. R2 and RMSE were introduced to evaluate the conversion accuracy. Finally, we compared with similarly retrieved LST to verify the feasibility of the method. The results indicated the following. (1) The RF model was the most suitable to downscale MODIS\/LST. The MLR model and the TsHARP model were not applicable for downscaling studies in highly heterogeneous regions. (2) From the time dimension, the prediction precision in summer and winter was clearly higher than that in spring and autumn, and that at night was generally higher than during the day. (3) The SUHI range at night was smaller than that during the day, and was mainly concentrated in the urban center. The SUHI of the research region was strongest in autumn and weakest in winter. (4) The validation results of the error distribution histogram indicated that the MODIS\/LST downscaling method based on the RF model is feasible in highly heterogeneous regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12132134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T06:51:20Z","timestamp":1593759080000},"page":"2134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Downscale MODIS Land Surface Temperature Based on Three Different Models to Analyze Surface Urban Heat Island: A Case Study of Hangzhou"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Institute for Sustainable Maritime Architecture Research and Technology, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0299-3686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weijun","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Institute for Sustainable Maritime Architecture Research and Technology, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wangchongyu","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"68","article-title":"A sub-pixel analysis of urbanization effect on land surface temperature and its interplay with impervious surface and vegetation coverage in Indianapolis, United States","volume":"10","author":"Weng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. 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