{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:00:34Z","timestamp":1760238034085,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The vertically distributed aerosol optical properties are investigated over Pakistan utilizing the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) Level 2 products from 2007 to 2014. For a better understanding of the spatiotemporal characteristics of vertical aerosol layers, the interannual and seasonal variations of nine selected aerosol parameters such as the AOD of the lowest aerosol layer (AODL), the base height of the lowest aerosol layer (HL), the top height of the highest aerosol layer (HH), the volume depolarization ratio of the lowest aerosol layer (DRL), the color ratio of the lowest aerosol layer (CRL), total AOD of all the aerosol layers (AODT), the number of aerosol feature layers (N), the thickness of the lowest aerosol layer (TL), the AOD proportion for the lowest aerosol layer (PAODL) for both day and night times are analyzed. The results show AODT increased slightly from 2007 to 2014 over Pakistan, and relatively high AODT exists over the Punjab and Sindh (southern region), which might be owing to the high level of economic development, frequent dust storms, and profound agricultural activities (anthropogenic emissions). AODT increases from north to south. The reason may be that the southern region is rapidly urbanized and is near the desert. The northern region is dominated by agricultural land, and cities are usually semi-urbanized. The highest AODT appears in summer compared to the other seasons, and during daytime compared to nighttime. The HL and HH vary significantly, owing to the topography of Pakistan. The N is relatively large over Punjab and Sindh compared to the other regions, which might be caused by relatively stronger atmospheric convections. The spatial distribution of the TL showed an inverse relationship with the topography as lower values are observed over elevated regions such as Gilgit-Baltistan and Jammu-Kashmir. The value of the PAODL indicates that 77% of the total aerosols are mainly concentrated in the lowest layer of the atmosphere over Pakistan. The higher values of DRL and CRL indicate non-spherical and large particles over Balochistan and Sindh, which might be related to the proximity to the desert. This study provides very useful information about vertically distributed aerosol optical properties which could help researchers and policymakers to regulate and mitigate air pollution issues of Pakistan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12142183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T11:47:46Z","timestamp":1594208866000},"page":"2183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["An Investigation of Vertically Distributed Aerosol Optical Properties over Pakistan Using CALIPSO Satellite Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1497-4151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Tourism, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Tourism, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China"},{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1022-3999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Bilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Luqman","family":"Atique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9333-424X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Usman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographical Information System, University of the Punjab, Lahore 42000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1167-3991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongfeng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9002-3625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Arfan","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2561-3244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ge","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01091","article-title":"A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system","volume":"419","author":"Kaufman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15371","article-title":"The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale","volume":"525","author":"Lelieveld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8189","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-8189-2011","article-title":"Variability of aerosol optical properties in the Western Mediterranean Basin","volume":"11","author":"Pandolfi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7619","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-7619-2015","article-title":"Ground-based aerosol climatology of China: Aerosol optical depths from the China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network (CARSNET) 2002\u20132013","volume":"15","author":"Che","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1064034","article-title":"Aerosols, Climate, and the Hydrological Cycle","volume":"294","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1075159","article-title":"Climate Effects of Black Carbon Aerosols in China and India","volume":"297","author":"Menon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edenhofer, O., and Seyboth, K. (2013). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Encycl. Energy Nat. Resour. Environ. Econ., 48\u201356.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-375067-9.00128-5"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6443","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-6443-2014","article-title":"Climatology of aerosol optical properties and black carbon mass absorption cross section at a remote high-altitude site in the western Mediterranean Basin","volume":"14","author":"Pandolfi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17969","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD900073","article-title":"Aerosol radiative, physical, and chemical properties in Beijing during June 1999","volume":"106","author":"Bergin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03206","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD011030","article-title":"Instrument calibration and aerosol optical depth validation of the China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network","volume":"114","author":"Che","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9791","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900040","article-title":"Accuracy assessments of aerosol optical properties retrieved from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Sun and sky radiance measurements","volume":"105","author":"Dubovik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31333","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900923","article-title":"Wavelength dependence of the optical depth of biomass burning, urban, and desert dust aerosols","volume":"104","author":"Eck","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Liu, J., Bilal, M., Zhang, C., Nazeer, M., Atique, L., Han, G., and Gong, W. (2020). Aerosol Optical Properties and Contribution to Differentiate Haze and Haze-Free Weather in Wuhan City. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11040322"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos5040699","article-title":"Aerosol Optical Properties of a Haze Episode in Wuhan Based on Ground-Based and Satellite Observations","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-2125-2014","article-title":"Column aerosol optical properties and aerosol radiative forcing during a serious haze-fog month over North China Plain in 2013 based on ground-based sunphotometer measurements","volume":"14","author":"Che","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2016.03.0097","article-title":"A New Approach for Estimation of Fine Particulate Concentrations Using Satellite Aerosol Optical Depth and Binning of Meteorological Variables","volume":"17","author":"Bilal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.07.015","article-title":"Validation and accuracy assessment of a Simplified Aerosol Retrieval Algorithm (SARA) over Beijing under low and high aerosol loadings and dust storms","volume":"153","author":"Bilal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magistrale, V. (1992). Health Aspects of Air Pollution, Springer Science and Business Media LLC.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-76051-8_4"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1858b","article-title":"EPIDEMIOLOGY: How Dirty Air Hurts the Heart","volume":"307","author":"Kaiser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.01.036","article-title":"Lung cancer mortality and exposure to atmospheric aerosol particles inguangzhou, china","volume":"43","author":"Tie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL016305","article-title":"Diurnal variability of aerosol optical depth observed at AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) sites","volume":"29","author":"Smirnov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004874","article-title":"Development of global aerosol models using cluster analysis of Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) measurements","volume":"110","author":"Omar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2481460","article-title":"Validation of Aqua-MODIS C051 and C006 Operational Aerosol Products Using AERONET Measurements Over Pakistan","volume":"9","author":"Bilal","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilal, M., Nazeer, M., Nichol, J.E., Qiu, Z., Wang, L., Bleiweiss, M.P., Shen, X., Campbell, J., and Lolli, S. (2019). Evaluation of Terra-MODIS C6 and C6.1 Aerosol Products against Beijing, XiangHe, and Xinglong AERONET Sites in China during 2004\u20132014. Remote. Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11050486"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleidman, R.G., O\u2019Neill, N.T., Remer, L.A., Kaufman, Y.J., Eck, T.F., Tanr\u00e9, D., Dubovik, O., and Holben, B.N. (2005). Comparison of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) remote-sensing retrievals of aerosol fine mode fraction over ocean. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 110.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD005760"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4073(02)00331-X","article-title":"Aerosol retrievals from AVHRR radiances: Effects of particle nonsphericity and absorption and an updated long-term global climatology of aerosol properties","volume":"79","author":"Mishchenko","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.11.006","article-title":"Seasonal variation of columnar aerosol optical properties over Athens, Greece, based on MODIS data","volume":"112","author":"Kosmopoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8007","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL013205","article-title":"Validation of modis aerosol optical depth retrieval over land","volume":"29","author":"Chu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"MOD3-1","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL013204","article-title":"Validation of MODIS aerosol retrieval over ocean","volume":"29","author":"Remer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, R., Han, G., Ma, X., Xu, H., Shi, T., and Zhang, M. (2020). A Comparison of OCO-2 SIF, MODIS GPP, and GOSIF Data from Gross Primary Production (GPP) Estimation and Seasonal Cycles in North America. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12020258"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Liu, J., Li, W., Bilal, M., Zhao, F., Zhang, C., Yuan, B., and Khedher, K.M. (2019). Evaluation of the Aqua-MODIS C6 and C6.1 Aerosol Optical Depth Products in the Yellow River Basin, China. Atmosphere, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10080426"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9020","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021672","article-title":"Global assessment of OMI aerosol single-scattering albedo using ground-based AERONET inversion","volume":"119","author":"Jethva","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Wang, L., Gong, W., Ma, Y., and Liu, B. (2017). Aerosol Optical Properties and Direct Radiative Effects over Central China. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9100997"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Winker, D.M., and Pelon, J. (2003, January 21\u201325). In The calipso mission, Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Proceedings of the IEEE International, Toulouse, France."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHA1281.1","article-title":"Overview of the CALIPSO Mission and CALIOP Data Processing Algorithms","volume":"26","author":"Winker","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1175\/2010BAMS3009.1","article-title":"The calipso mission: Spaceborne lidar for observation of aerosols and clouds","volume":"91","author":"Winker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL030135","article-title":"Initial performance assessment of CALIOP","volume":"34","author":"Winker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-3345-2013","article-title":"The global 3-D distribution of tropospheric aerosols as characterized by CALIOP","volume":"13","author":"Winker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nichol, J.E., and Bilal, M. (2016). Validation of MODIS 3 km Resolution Aerosol Optical Depth Retrievals Over Asia. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8040328"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.5094\/APR.2014.080","article-title":"A study of tropospheric NO 2 variability over Pakistan using OMI data","volume":"5","author":"Haq","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, G., Bao, Y., Ullah, W., Ullah, S., Guan, Q., Liu, X., Li, L., Lei, Y., Li, G., and Ma, J. (2020). Spatiotemporal Trends of Aerosols over Urban Regions in Pakistan and Their Possible Links to Meteorological Parameters. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11030306"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.5094\/APR.2015.030","article-title":"Spatio\u2013temporal distribution of absorbing aerosols over Pakistan retrieved from OMI onboard Aura satellite","volume":"6","author":"Tariq","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2014.12.0332","article-title":"Seasonal Variations of Aerosols in Pakistan: Contributions of Domestic Anthropogenic Emissions and Transboundary Transport","volume":"15","author":"Shahid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2010.06.025","article-title":"Monitoring spatio-temporal variations in aerosols and aerosol\u2013cloud interactions over Pakistan using MODIS data","volume":"46","author":"Alam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Liu, J., Bilal, M., Zhang, C., Zhao, F., Xie, X., and Khedher, K.M. (2019). Optical and Physical Characteristics of the Lowest Aerosol Layers over the Yellow River Basin. Atmosphere, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10100638"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.5094\/APR.2011.020","article-title":"Long\u2013range transport of soil dust and smoke pollution in the South Asian region","volume":"2","author":"Begum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.05.055","article-title":"Monitoring spatio-temporal aerosol patterns over Pakistan based on MODIS, TOMS and MISR satellite data and a HYSPLIT model","volume":"45","author":"Alam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/929080","article-title":"An Assessment of Pseudo-Operational Ground-Based Light Detection and Ranging Sensors to Determine the Boundary-Layer Structure in the Coastal Atmosphere","volume":"2012","author":"Milroy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.04.014","article-title":"A Simplified high resolution MODIS Aerosol Retrieval Algorithm (SARA) for use over mixed surfaces","volume":"136","author":"Bilal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stull, R.B. (1988). An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-3027-8"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"27","article-title":"Study of aerosol optical depth and precipitable water vapour content at rajkot, a tropical semi-arid station","volume":"36","author":"Ranjan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J. Radio Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2005.09.043","article-title":"Variability of aerosol optical depth and aerosol forcing over India","volume":"37","author":"Sarkar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1039\/c1em10086f","article-title":"Aerosol size distribution and mass concentration measurements in various cities of Pakistan","volume":"13","author":"Alam","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900555","article-title":"Characterization of the optical properties of biomass burning aerosols in Zambia during the 1997 ZIBBEE field campaign","volume":"106","author":"Eck","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27473","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900833","article-title":"Use of the \u00c5ngstrom exponent to estimate the variability of optical and physical properties of aging smoke particles in Brazil","volume":"104","author":"Reid","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14057","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-14057-2016","article-title":"Aerosol meteorology of maritime continent for the 2012 7seas southwest monsoon intensive study\u2014Part 2: Philippine receptor observations of fine-scale aerosol behavior","volume":"16","author":"Reid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s13143-014-0004-y","article-title":"A study of aerosol properties over Lahore (Pakistan) by using AERONET data","volume":"50","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Wang, L., Bilal, M., Gong, W., Zhang, Z., and Guo, G. (2018). The Characteristics of the Aerosol Optical Depth within the Lowest Aerosol Layer over the Tibetan Plateau from 2007 to 2014. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10050696"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/14\/2183\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:48:58Z","timestamp":1760176138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/14\/2183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12142183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12142183","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]}}}