{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T16:26:05Z","timestamp":1772727965536,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2018YFC1503600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1503600"]}]},{"name":"Youth Fund of the National Natural Science Fund project","award":["41704030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41704030"]}]},{"name":"the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China","award":["41525014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41525014"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Innovation Group Foundation of China","award":["41721003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41721003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) currently has 41 satellites in orbits and will reach its full constellation following the launch of the last BDS satellite in June 2020 to provide navigation, positioning, and timing (PNT) services for global users. In this contribution, we investigate the characteristics of inter-system bias (ISB) between BDS-2 and BDS-3 and verify whether an additional ISB parameter should be introduced for the BDS-2 and BDS-3 precise point positioning (PPP). The results reveal that because of different clock references applied for BDS-2 and BDS-3 in the International GNSS Service (IGS) precise satellites clock products and the inconsistent code hardware delays of BDS-2 and BDS-3 for some receiver types, an ISB parameter needs to be introduced for BDS-2 and BDS-3 PPP. Further, the results show that the ISB can be regarded as a constant within a day, the value of which is closely related to the receiver type. The ISB values of the stations with the same receiver type are similar to each other, but a great difference may be presented for different receiver types, up to several meters. In addition, the impact of ISB on PPP has also been studied, which demonstrates that the performance of kinematic PPP could be improved when ISB is introduced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12142185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T11:47:46Z","timestamp":1594208866000},"page":"2185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Evaluation of Inter-System Bias between BDS-2 and BDS-3 Satellites and Its Impact on Precise Point Positioning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4361-5545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6449-6696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}]},{"given":"Weiping","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Xuexi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.291","article-title":"Introduction to BeiDou-3 navigation satellite system","volume":"66","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Navigation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-019-0847-x","article-title":"Performance of BDS-3: Satellite visibility and dilution of precision","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Cao, C., Jing, G., and Luo, M. 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