{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T05:54:19Z","timestamp":1775800459769,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41731071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41731071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JZ2020HGQA0140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JZ2020HGQA0140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open foundation of State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics","award":["SKLGED2020-4-2-E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGED2020-4-2-E"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Sikkim\u2013Bhutan seismic gap has witnessed a long earthquake quiescence since the 1714 M7.5~8.5 earthquake. The state of stress accumulation beneath the Sikkim\u2013Bhutan Himalaya and its spatial correlation with seismicity remains unclear due to the lack of geodetic measurements and the low levels of seismic activity. We compile Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements in southern Tibet with the available velocities in the Sikkim\u2013Bhutan Himalaya to reveal the characteristics of strain buildup on the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). We correct non-tectonic hydrological loading effects in a GPS time series to accurately determine the Three-Dimensional (3D) velocities of each continuous station. Extensive GPS measurements yield convergence rates of 16.2~18.5 mm\/y across the Sikkim\u2013Bhutan Himalaya, which is quite consistent with that observed elsewhere in the Himalaya. Based on a double-ramp structure of the MHT, a refined 3D coupling image is inverted using a dense network of GPS velocities. The result indicates significant along-strike variations of fault coupling beneath the Sikkim\u2013Bhutan Himalaya. The locking width (coupling &gt; 0.5) of western Bhutan reaches ~100 km, which is 30~40% wider than Sikkim and eastern Bhutan. An obvious embayment of decoupling zone near the border between Sikkim and western Bhutan is recognized, and coincides spatially with the rupture terminates of the 1934 Mw8.2 and the 1714 M7.5~8.5 earthquakes, indicating that the large megathrust earthquakes along the Sikkim\u2013Bhutan Himalaya are largely segmented by the spatial variation of frictional properties on the MHT. Using a new compilation of seismic records in the Sikkim\u2013Bhutan Himalaya, we analyze the spatial correlation between fault coupling and seismic activity. The result suggests that the seismicity in the Bhutan Himalaya is broadly distributed, instead of restricted in the lower edge of the interseismic locking zone. This implies that the seismic activity in the Bhutan Himalaya is not uniquely controlled by the stress accumulation at the downdip end of the locked portion of the MHT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12142202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T09:25:28Z","timestamp":1594373128000},"page":"2202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Interseismic Coupling beneath the Sikkim\u2013Bhutan Himalaya Constrained by GPS Measurements and Its Implication for Strain Segmentation and Seismic Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1782-5792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuiping","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"},{"name":"Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Wuhan 430077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingye","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaochuan","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7176-218X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongchao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0207-8800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianwei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1126\/science.105978","article-title":"Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet plateau","volume":"294","author":"Tapponnier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2687(03)46001-9","article-title":"Mountain building, erosion, and the seismic cycle in the Nepal Himalaya","volume":"46","author":"Avouac","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S.G., Jayangondaperumal, R., Nakata, T., Kumahara, Y., and Singh, V. (2010). Paleoseismological evidence of surface faulting along the northeastern Himalayan front, India: Timing, size, and spatial extent of great earthquakes. J. Geophys. Res., 115.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JB006789"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2017.08.003","article-title":"Seismotectonic perspectives on the Himalayan arc and contiguous areas: Inferences from past and recent earthquakes","volume":"173","author":"Rajendran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1130\/G35162.1","article-title":"Active tectonics of the eastern Himalaya: New constraints from the first tectonic geomorphology study in southern Bhutan","volume":"42","author":"Berthet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marechal, A., Mazzotti, S., Cattin, R., Cazes, G., Vernant, P., Drukpa, D., Thinley, K., Tarayoun, A., Roux-Mallouf, R.L., and Thapa, B.B. (2016). Evidence of interseismic coupling variations along the Bhutan Himalayan arc from new GPS data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43.","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL071163"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2018.07.018","article-title":"Stress transfer and connectivity between the Bhutan Himalaya and the Shillong Plateau","volume":"744","author":"Grujic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"10695","article-title":"Joint approach combining damage and paleoseismology observations constrains the 1714 A.D. Bhutan earthquake at magnitude 8 \u00b1 0.5: Mind the Gap: The 1714 Bhutan Earthquake","volume":"43","author":"Berthet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pepi.2011.04.009","article-title":"Low seismicity in the Bhutan Himalaya and the stress shadow of the 1897 Shillong Plateau earthquake","volume":"186","author":"Gahalaut","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Earth Planet. Inter."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4204","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50776","article-title":"Interseismic coupling, stress evolution, and earthquake slip on the Sunda megathrust","volume":"40","author":"Nalbant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-060614-105302","article-title":"From Geodetic Imaging of Seismic and Aseismic Fault Slip to Dynamic Modeling of the Seismic Cycle","volume":"43","author":"Avouac","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"258","article-title":"Interplate coupling beneath NE Japan inferred from three-dimensional displacement field","volume":"111","author":"Suwa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12405","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JB008166","article-title":"Interseismic coupling and seismic potential along the Central Andes subduction zone","volume":"116","author":"Chlieh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L17306","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL048561","article-title":"Spatial correlation of interseismic coupling and coseismic rupture extent of the 2011 Mw = 9.0 Tohoku-oki earthquake","volume":"38","author":"Loveless","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, L., Newman, A.V., Protti, M., Gonz\u00e1lez, V., Jiang, Y., and Dixon, T.H. (2012). Active deformation near the Nicoya Peninsula, northwestern Costa Rica, between 1996 and 2010: Interseismic megathrust coupling. J. Geophys. Res., 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JB009230"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"B03406","article-title":"Interseismic coupling, segmentation and mechanical behavior of the central Chile subduction zone","volume":"117","author":"Socquet","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/386061a0","article-title":"GPS measurements of present-day convergence across the Nepal Himalaya","volume":"386","author":"Bilham","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-006-0030-3","article-title":"Plate Motion of India and Interseismic Strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS Measurements","volume":"80","author":"Bettinelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2011.04958.x","article-title":"Slip distribution beneath the Central and Western Himalaya inferred from GPS observations","volume":"185","author":"Ponraj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ader, T., Avouac, J.-P., Liu-Zeng, J., Lyon-Caen, H., Bollinger, L., Galetzka, J., Genrich, J., Thomas, M., Chanard, K., and Sapkota, S.N. (2012). Convergence rate across the Nepal Himalaya and interseismic coupling on the Main Himalayan Thrust: Implications for seismic hazard. J. Geophys. Res., 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JB009071"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5828","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL064845","article-title":"Interseismic coupling on the main Himalayan thrust","volume":"42","author":"Stevens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseaes.2016.05.028","article-title":"Estimation of coupling along the Main Himalayan Thrust in the central Himalaya","volume":"133","author":"Jouanne","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Asian Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35025-y","article-title":"Audit of stored strain energy and extent of future earthquake rupture in central Himalaya","volume":"8","author":"Sreejith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2018.10.023","article-title":"Strong seismic coupling underneath Garhwal\u2013Kumaun region, NW Himalaya, India","volume":"506","author":"Yadav","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019GL086424","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL086424","article-title":"Segmentation of the Main Himalayan Thrust Illuminated by Bayesian Inference of Interseismic Coupling","volume":"47","author":"Jolivet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1002\/2015TC003853","article-title":"Constraints on the tectonic and landscape evolution of the Bhutan Himalaya from thermochronometry","volume":"34","author":"Adams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robert, X., van der Beek, P., Braun, J., Perry, C., and Mugnier, J.-L. (2011). Control of detachment geometry on lateral variations in exhumation rates in the Himalaya: Insights from low-temperature thermochronology and numerical modeling. J. Geophys. Res., 116.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JB007893"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6558","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JB011196","article-title":"Clockwise rotation of the Brahmaputra Valley relative to India: Tectonic convergence in the eastern Himalaya, Naga Hills, and Shillong Plateau","volume":"119","author":"Vernant","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1038\/35071057","article-title":"Plateau \u2018pop-up\u2019 in the great 1897 Assam earthquake","volume":"410","author":"Bilham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee, P., B\u00fcrgmann, R., Nagarajan, B., and Apel, E. (2008). Intraplate deformation of the Indian subcontinent. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL035468"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26561","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JB000359","article-title":"Fluvial incision and tectonic uplift across the Himalayas of central Nepal","volume":"106","author":"Avouac","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1785\/gssrl.78.4.446","article-title":"Using Small, Temporary Seismic Networks for Investigating Tectonic Deformation: Brittle Deformation and Evidence for Strike-Slip Faulting in Bhutan","volume":"78","author":"Velasco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2017.04.038","article-title":"Seismotectonics of Bhutan: Evidence for segmentation of the Eastern Himalayas and link to foreland deformation","volume":"471","author":"Diehl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1130\/B25357.1","article-title":"GPS measurements from the Ladakh Himalaya, India: Preliminary tests of plate-like or continuous deformation in Tibet","volume":"116","author":"Jade","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3121.2009.00898.x","article-title":"Estimates of motion and strain rates across active faults in the frontal part of eastern Himalayas in North Bengal from GPS measurements","volume":"21","author":"Mullick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Terra Nova"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsg.2018.03.007","article-title":"Structural insights from geodetic Global Positioning System measurements in the Darjiling-Sikkim Himalaya","volume":"114","author":"Mukul","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Struct. Geol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9290","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JB014465","article-title":"Crustal Deformation in the India-Eurasia Collision Zone From 25 Years of GPS Measurements","volume":"122","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB03860","article-title":"Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks","volume":"102","author":"Zumberge","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-019-02121-7","article-title":"Interseismic Coupling in the Central Nepalese Himalaya: Spatial Correlation with the 2015 Mw 7.9 Gorkha Earthquake","volume":"176","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JB018774","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JB018774","article-title":"Present-Day Crustal Deformation of Continental China Derived From GPS and Its Tectonic Implications","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, Y., and Freymueller, J.T. (2012). Seasonal and long-term vertical deformation in the Nepal Himalaya constrained by GPS and GRACE measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JB008925"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5008","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrb.50353","article-title":"Numerical simulations of global-scale high-resolution hydrological crustal deformations","volume":"118","author":"Dill","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altamimi, Z., M\u00e9tivier, L., and Collilieux, X. (2012). ITRF2008 plate motion model. J. Geophys. Res., 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JB008930"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4984","DOI":"10.1029\/JB088iB06p04984","article-title":"A dislocation model of strain accumulation and release at a subduction zone","volume":"88","author":"Savage","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2010.04868.x","article-title":"Crustal structure of the Darjeeling\u2014Sikkim Himalaya and southern Tibet","volume":"184","author":"Acton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1167719","article-title":"Underplating in the Himalaya-Tibet collision zone revealed by the Hi-CLIMB Experiment","volume":"325","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1029\/98TC01314","article-title":"Crustal structure of the Himalayan orogen at \u223c90\u00b0 east longitude from Project INDEPTH deep reflection profiles","volume":"17","author":"Hauck","year":"1998","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JB013337","article-title":"The underthrusting Indian crust and its role in collision dynamics of the Eastern Himalaya in Bhutan: Insights from receiver function imaging","volume":"122","author":"Singer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063767","article-title":"Evidence for a wide and gently dipping Main Himalayan Thrust in western Bhutan","volume":"42","author":"Godard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JB010891","article-title":"Geometry and kinematics of the Main Himalayan Thrust and Neogene crustal exhumation in the Bhutanese Himalaya derived from inversion of multithermochronologic data","volume":"119","author":"Coutand","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GC006742","article-title":"Along-strike variations in the Himalayan orogenic wedge structure in Bhutan from ambient seismic noise tomography","volume":"18","author":"Singer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, S.P., McQuarrie, N., Tobgay, T., Coutand, I., Cooper, F.J., Reiners, P.W., Wartho, J.-A., and Hodges, K.V. (2012). Variable shortening rates in the eastern Himalayan thrust belt, Bhutan: Insights from multiple thermochronologic and geochronologic data sets tied to kinematic reconstructions. Tectonics, 31.","DOI":"10.1029\/2012TC003155"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"353","article-title":"Block Models of Crustal Motion in Southern California Constrained by GPS Measurements","volume":"110","author":"Meade","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13803","DOI":"10.1029\/JB091iB14p13803","article-title":"Quaternary extension in southern Tibet: Field observations and tectonic implications","volume":"91","author":"Armijo","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-246X.2001.00524.x","article-title":"On the use of dislocations to model interseismic strain and stress build-up at intracontinental thrust faults","volume":"147","author":"Vergne","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1210","article-title":"Rupture of deep faults in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and uplift of the Longmen Shan","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Ji, L., Zhu, L., and Zhao, C. (2018). InSAR-Constrained Interseismic Deformation and Potential Seismogenic Asperities on the Altyn Tagh Fault at 91.5\u201395\u00b0E, Northern Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060943"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0750041135","article-title":"Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space","volume":"75","author":"Okada","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Lawson, C.L., and Hanson, R.J. (1974). Solving Least Squares Problems, PRENTICE-HALL."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1669","article-title":"Primary surface ruptures of the great Himalayan earthquakes in 1934 and 1255","volume":"6","author":"Sapkota","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5265","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JB015868","article-title":"Structural Control on Downdip Locking Extent of the Himalayan Megathrust","volume":"123","author":"Lindsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2012.09.040","article-title":"Holocene shortening across the Main Frontal Thrust zone in the eastern Himalaya","volume":"357\u2013358","author":"Burgess","year":"2012","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2016.09.055","article-title":"Implications for elastic energy storage in the Himalaya from the Gorkha 2015 earthquake and other incomplete ruptures of the Main Himalayan Thrust","volume":"462","author":"Bilham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lay, T., Kanamori, H., Ammon, C.J., Koper, K.D., Hutko, A.R., Ye, L., Yue, H., and Rushing, T.M. (2012). Depth-varying rupture properties of subduction zone megathrust faults. J. Geophys. Res., 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JB009133"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2018.08.014","article-title":"Geodetic imaging mega-thrust coupling beneath the Himalaya","volume":"747\u2013748","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1130\/G33154.1","article-title":"Long-term growth of the Himalaya inferred from interseismic InSAR measurement","volume":"40","author":"Grandin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"44","article-title":"Depth varying rupture properties during the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha (Nepal) earthquake","volume":"714\u2013715","author":"Yue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1785\/0220130034","article-title":"Public Release of the ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900\u20132009)","volume":"84","author":"Storchak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1785\/0120090339","article-title":"Transverse Tectonics in the Sikkim Himalaya: Evidence from Seismicity and Focal-Mechanism Data","volume":"100","author":"Hazarika","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1130\/GES01508.1","article-title":"Segmented strain accumulation in the High Himalaya expressed in river channel steepness","volume":"14","author":"Cannon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geosphere"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S1367-9120(99)00034-6","article-title":"Seismotectonics of the Nepal Himalaya from a local seismic network","volume":"17","author":"Pandey","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Asian Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2011.07.021","article-title":"Possible influence of subducting ridges on the Himalayan arc and on the ruptures of great and major Himalayan earthquakes","volume":"21","author":"Gahalaut","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gondwana Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/14\/2202\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:49:36Z","timestamp":1760176176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/14\/2202"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12142202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12142202","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]]}}}