{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T19:31:05Z","timestamp":1771702265082,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41761144075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41761144075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41801052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41801052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["2019QZKK0208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0208"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund for Introducing Talents of Yunnan University","award":["YJRC3201702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YJRC3201702"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Fund Designated for Graduate Students of Yunnan University","award":["2019226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019226"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lake ice, one of the most direct lake physical characteristics affected by climate change, can reflect small-scale environmental changes caused by the atmosphere and hydrology, as well as large-scale climate changes such as global warming. This study uses National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (NOAA AVHRR), MOD09GQ surface reflectance products, and Landsat surface reflectance Tier 1 products, which comprehensively used RS and GIS technology to study lake ice phenology (LIP) and changes in Qinghai Lake. Over the past 38 years, freeze-up start and freeze-up end dates were gradually delayed by a rate of 0.16 d\/a and 0.19 d\/a, respectively, with a total delay by 6.08 d and 7.22 d. The dates of break-up start and break-up end showed advancing trends by \u22120.36 d\/a and \u22120.42 d\/a, respectively, which shifted them earlier by 13.68 d and 15.96 d. Overall, ice coverage duration, freeze duration, and complete freeze duration showed decreasing trends of \u22120.58 d\/a, \u22120.60 d\/a, and \u22120.52 d\/a, respectively, and overall decreased by 22.04 d, 22.81 d, and 9.76 d between 1980 and 2018. The spatial pattern in the freeze\u2013thaw of Qinghai Lake can be divided into two areas; the west of the lake area has similar spatial patterns of freezing and ablation, while, in the east of the lake area, freezing and ablation patterns are opposite. Climate factors were closely related to LIP, especially the accumulated freezing degree-day (AFDD) from October to April of the following year. Furthermore, freeze-up start time was more sensitive to changes in wind speed and precipitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12142217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T09:30:49Z","timestamp":1594719049000},"page":"2217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Monitoring the Ice Phenology of Qinghai Lake from 1980 to 2018 Using Multisource Remote Sensing Data and Google Earth Engine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"},{"name":"Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9625-7497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiyin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"},{"name":"Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environment Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fuming","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"},{"name":"Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongpeng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"},{"name":"Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-7-287-2013","article-title":"Analysis of ice phenology of lakes on the Tibetan Plateau from MODIS data","volume":"7","author":"Maussion","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"GCOS-107 (2006). 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