{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T02:26:37Z","timestamp":1780367197755,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, an analysis of the capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry to obtain point clouds from areas with a near-vertical inclination was carried out. For this purpose, 18 different combinations were proposed, varying the number of ground control points (GCPs), the adequacy (or not) of the distribution of GCPs, and the orientation of the photographs (nadir and oblique). The results have shown that under certain conditions, the accuracy achieved was similar to those obtained by a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). For this reason, it is necessary to increase the number of GCPs as much as possible in order to cover a whole study area. In the event that this is not possible, the inclusion of oblique photography ostensibly improves results; therefore, it is always advisable since they also improve the geometric descriptions of break lines or sudden changes in slope. In this sense, UAVs seem to be a more economic substitute compared to TLS for vertical wall surveying.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12142221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T09:30:49Z","timestamp":1594719049000},"page":"2221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Use of UAV-Photogrammetry for Quasi-Vertical Wall Surveying"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9556-7998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricio","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Carricondo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Almer\u00eda (Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3), La Ca\u00f1ada de San Urbano, s\/n, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"},{"name":"Peripheral Service of Research and Development Based on Drones, University of Almeria, La Ca\u00f1ada de San Urbano, s\/n, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Ag\u00fcera-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Almer\u00eda (Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3), La Ca\u00f1ada de San Urbano, s\/n, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"},{"name":"Peripheral Service of Research and Development Based on Drones, University of Almeria, La Ca\u00f1ada de San Urbano, s\/n, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7791-0991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Carvajal-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Almer\u00eda (Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3), La Ca\u00f1ada de San Urbano, s\/n, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"},{"name":"Peripheral Service of Research and Development Based on Drones, University of Almeria, La Ca\u00f1ada de San Urbano, s\/n, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallace, L.O., Lucieer, A., Malenovsky, Z., Turner, D., and Vop\u011bnka, P. (2016). Assessment of Forest Structure Using Two UAV Techniques: A Comparison of Airborne Laser Scanning and Structure from Motion (SfM) Point Clouds. Forests, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/f7030062"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.9728\/dcs.2015.16.5.835","article-title":"The Study on Recording Method for Buried Cultural Property Using Photo Scanning Technique","volume":"16","author":"Koo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Digit. Contents Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, H., Qin, R., and Chen, X. (2019). Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Remote Sensing Applications\u2014A Review. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11121443"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.12989\/sss.2014.13.6.1065","article-title":"A review of rotorcraft Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) developments and applications in civil engineering","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Smart Struct. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"54","article-title":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: An Overview","volume":"3","author":"Bento","year":"2008","journal-title":"InsideGNSS"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samad, A.M., Kamarulzaman, N., Hamdani, M.A., Mastor, T.A., and Hashim, K.A. (2013, January 19\u201320). The potential of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for civilian and mapping application. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 3rd International Conference on System Engineering and Technology, Shah Alam, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSEngT.2013.6650191"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesas-Carrascosa, F.-J., P\u00e9rez-Porras, F., De Larriva, J.E.M., Frau, C.M., Ag\u00fcera-Vega, F., Carvajal-Ramirez, F., Carricondo, P.J.M., and Garc\u00eda-Ferrer, A. (2018). Drift Correction of Lightweight Microbolometer Thermal Sensors On-Board Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10040615"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1207","article-title":"The photogrammetric potential of low-cost UAVs in forestry and agriculture","volume":"XXXVII","author":"Engel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"22","article-title":"Comparison of UAV and WorldView-2 imagery for mapping leaf area index of mangrove forest","volume":"61","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kachamba, D., \u00d8rka, H.O., Gobakken, T., Eid, T., and Mwase, W. (2016). Biomass Estimation Using 3D Data from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery in a Tropical Woodland. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8110968"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvajal-Ramirez, F., Da Silva, J.M., Ag\u00fcera-Vega, F., Carricondo, P.J.M., Serrano, J., and Moral, F.J. (2019). Evaluation of Fire Severity Indices Based on Pre- and Post-Fire Multispectral Imagery Sensed from UAV. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11090993"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfr-2014-0347","article-title":"A survey on technologies for automatic forest fire monitoring, detection, and fighting using unmanned aerial vehicles and remote sensing techniques","volume":"45","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1080\/09613218.2019.1626213","article-title":"Combination of nadiral and oblique UAV photogrammetry and HBIM for the virtual reconstruction of cultural heritage. Case study of Cortijo del Fraile in N\u00edjar, Almer\u00eda (Spain)","volume":"48","author":"Carricondo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Build. Res. Inf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.12.092","article-title":"Virtual reconstruction of damaged archaeological sites based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photogrammetry and 3D modelling. Study case of a southeastern Iberia production area in the Bronze Age","volume":"136","author":"Mancini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doumit, J. (2019). Structure from motion technology for historic building information modeling of Toron fortress (Lebanon). Proc. Int. Conf. InterCarto InterGIS, 25.","DOI":"10.35595\/2414-9179-2019-2-25-288-296"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.01.143","article-title":"Urban Traffic Analysis through an UAV","volume":"111","author":"Salvo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valavanis, K.P., and Vachtsevanos, G.J. (2015). Survey of unmanned aerial vehicles (uavs) for traffic monitoring. Handbook of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Springer Reference.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9707-1"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eltner, A., Mulsow, C., and Maas, H.-G. (2013). Quantitative Measurement of Soil Erosion from Tls And Uav Data. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci., 119\u2013124.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-1-W2-119-2013"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2016.1225228","article-title":"Detailed geological mapping in mountain areas using an unmanned aerial vehicle: Application to the Rodoretto Valley, NW Italian Alps","volume":"8","author":"Piras","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2006.10.007","article-title":"Methods for 3D digitization of Cultural Heritage","volume":"8","author":"Pavlidis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cult. Heritage"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"93","article-title":"A 3D Model of Castle Landenberg (CH) from Combined Photogrametric Processing of Terrestrial and UAV Based Images","volume":"37","author":"Sauerbier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W2-45-2016","article-title":"3D Documentation And Bim Modeling of Cultural Heritage Structures using Uavs: The Case of the Foinikaria Church","volume":"42","author":"Themistocleous","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aber, J.S., Marzolff, I., and Ries, J.B. (2010). Small-Format Aerial Photography, Elsevier Science.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53260-2.10008-0"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Atkinson, K.B. (2001). Close Range Photogrammetry and Machine Vision, Whittles Publishing."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"128","article-title":"Image-Based Modelling from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Photogrammetry: An Effective, Low-Cost Tool for Archaeological Applications","volume":"57","year":"2014","journal-title":"Archaeometry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3366","article-title":"Topographic structure from motion: A new development in photogrammetric measurement","volume":"38","author":"Fonstad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2014.01.006","article-title":"Modeling the topography of shallow braided rivers using Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry","volume":"213","author":"Javernick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.08.021","article-title":"\u2018Structure-from-Motion\u2019 photogrammetry: A low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications","volume":"179","author":"Westoby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-007-0107-3","article-title":"Modeling the World from Internet Photo Collections","volume":"80","author":"Snavely","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2014.04.012","article-title":"Semi-automatic mapping of geological Structures using UAV-based photogrammetric data: An image analysis approach","volume":"69","author":"Vasuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.161","article-title":"Accurate, Dense, and Robust Multiview Stereopsis","volume":"32","author":"Furukawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","article-title":"Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints","volume":"60","author":"Lowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamal, W.A., and Samar, R. (2008, January 9\u201311). A mission planning approach for UAV applications. Proceedings of the 2008 47th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Cancun, Mexico.","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC.2008.4739187"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5623\/cig2016-102","article-title":"Spatial Accuracy of UAV-Derived Orthoimagery and Topography: Comparing Photogrammetric Models Processed with Direct Geo-Referencing and Ground Control Points","volume":"70","author":"Hugenholtz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomatica"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04016025","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)SU.1943-5428.0000206","article-title":"Accuracy of Digital Surface Models and Orthophotos Derived from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photogrammetry","volume":"143","author":"Vega","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Surv. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amrullah, C., Suwardhi, D., and Meilano, I. (2016). Product Accuracy Effect of Oblique and Vertical Non-Metric Digital Camera Utilization in Uav-Photogrammetry to Determine Fault Plane. ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci., 41\u201348.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsannals-III-6-41-2016"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13895","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71013895","article-title":"Optimal Altitude, Overlap, and Weather Conditions for Computer Vision UAV Estimates of Forest Structure","volume":"7","author":"Dandois","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22394","DOI":"10.3390\/s141222394","article-title":"Positional Quality Assessment of Orthophotos Obtained from Sensors Onboard Multi-Rotor UAV Platforms","volume":"14","author":"Rumbao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vautherin, J., Rutishauser, S., Schneider-Zapp, K., Choi, H.F., Chovancova, V., Glass, A., and Strecha, C. (2016). Photogrammetric Accuracy and Modeling of Rolling Shutter Cameras. ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci., 139\u2013146.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsannals-III-3-139-2016"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/phor.12197","article-title":"Documentation of heritage buildings using close-range UAV images: Dense matching issues, comparison and case studies","volume":"32","author":"Murtiyoso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of UAV-photogrammetric mapping accuracy based on variation of ground control points","volume":"72","author":"Carricondo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aicardi, I., Chiabrando, F., Grasso, N., Lingua, A.M., Noardo, F., and Span\u00f2, A. (2016). Uav Photogrammetry with Oblique Images: First Analysis on Data Acquisition and Processing. ISPRS Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci., 835\u2013842.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XLI-B1-835-2016"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"55","article-title":"El pantano de Isabel II de N\u00edjar (Almer\u00eda): Paisaje, fondo y figura","volume":"3","year":"2014","journal-title":"ph Investig."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"454","article-title":"Potential of terrestrial laserscanning in deformation measurement of structures","volume":"2","author":"Lovas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Photogramm. Remote Sens. ASPRS Annu. Conf. 2008 Bridg. Horiz. New Front. Geospat. Collab."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2006.887064","article-title":"Forest Canopy Gap Fraction from Terrestrial Laser Scanning","volume":"4","author":"Danson","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"563","article-title":"Terrestrial laser scanning of agricultural crops","volume":"47","author":"Lumme","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2010.03.016","article-title":"Detection and spatial prediction of rockfalls by means of terrestrial laser scanner monitoring","volume":"119","author":"Abellan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Schulz, T. (2007). Calibration of a Terrestrial Laser Scanner for Engineering Geodesy. Geod. Metrol. Eng. Geod."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwiatkowski, J., Anigacz, W., and Beben, D. (2020). Comparison of Non-Destructive Techniques for Technological Bridge Deflection Testing. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13081908"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fryskowska, A. (2017). Accuracy Assessment of Point Clouds Geo-Referencing in Surveying and Documentation of Historical Complexes. ISPRS Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-5-W1-161-2017"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nesbit, P., and Hugenholtz, C.H. (2019). Enhancing UAV\u2013SfM 3D Model Accuracy in High-Relief Landscapes by Incorporating Oblique Images. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11030239"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbas, M.A., Luh, L.C., Setan, H., Majid, Z., Chong, A.K., Aspuri, A., Idris, K.M., and Ariff, M.F.M. (2014). Terrestrial Laser Scanners Pre-Processing: Registration and Georeferencing. J. Teknol., 71.","DOI":"10.11113\/jt.v71.3833"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, R., Rojas, I., Franke, K.W., and Hedengren, J.D. (2015). Evolutionary View Planning for Optimized UAV Terrain Modeling in a Simulated Environment. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8010026"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3609","article-title":"Mitigating systematic error in topographic models derived from UAV and ground-based image networks","volume":"39","author":"James","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2016.11.021","article-title":"Optimising UAV topographic surveys processed with structure-from-motion: Ground control quality, quantity and bundle adjustment","volume":"280","author":"James","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.09.004","article-title":"Efficient structure from motion for oblique UAV images based on maximal spanning tree expansion","volume":"132","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2016.12.002","article-title":"Assessment of photogrammetric mapping accuracy based on variation ground control points number using unmanned aerial vehicle","volume":"98","author":"Vega","year":"2017","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3390\/s120100453","article-title":"Point Cloud Generation from Aerial Image Data Acquired by a Quadrocopter Type Micro Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and a Digital Still Camera","volume":"12","author":"Rosnell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2019). Assessing the Impact of the Number of GCPS on the Accuracy of Photogrammetric Mapping from UAV Imagery. Balt. Surv., 10, 43\u201351.","DOI":"10.22616\/j.balticsurveying.2019.006"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siqueira, H.L., Marcato, J., Matsubara, E.T., Eltner, A., Colares, R.A., Santos, F.M., and Junior, J.M. (August, January 28). The Impact of Ground Control Point Quantity on Area and Volume Measurements with UAV SFM Photogrammetry Applied in Open Pit Mines. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2019\u20142019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2019.8897829"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanz-Ablanedo, E., Chandler, J., Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez, J.R., and Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, C. (2018). Accuracy of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and SfM Photogrammetry Survey as a Function of the Number and Location of Ground Control Points Used. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10101606"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tonkin, T., and Midgley, N. (2016). Ground-Control Networks for Image Based Surface Reconstruction: An Investigation of Optimum Survey Designs Using UAV Derived Imagery and Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8090786"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Girardeau-Montaut, D. (2020, May 10). Cloud Compare: 3D Point Cloud and Mesh Processing Software, Open-Source Project. Available online: http:\/\/cloudcompare.org\/."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.04.009","article-title":"Accurate 3D comparison of complex topography with terrestrial laser scanner: Application to the Rangitikei canyon (N-Z)","volume":"82","author":"Lague","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/22797254.2017.1313097","article-title":"Combining nadir and oblique UAV imagery to reconstruct quarry topography: Methodology and feasibility analysis","volume":"50","author":"Rossi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/phor.12027","article-title":"Indirect Georeferencing of Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data using Control Lines","volume":"28","author":"Poz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"di Prisco, M., Chen, S.-H., Vayas, I., Kumar Shukla, S., Sharma, A., Kumar, N., and Wang, C.M. (2020). Analyzing the Effect of Distribution Pattern and Number of GCPs on Overall Accuracy of UAV Photogrammetric Results. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, Springer Science and Business Media LLC.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23748-6"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-4-W2-107-2017","article-title":"3D Model Generation Using Oblique Images Acquired by Uav","volume":"42","author":"Lingua","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/14\/2221\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:50:08Z","timestamp":1760176208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/14\/2221"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12142221"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12142221","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]]}}}