{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:51:17Z","timestamp":1790013077045,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]],"date-time":"2020-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fluvial avulsion is an important process in the dynamics of the riverscapes and plays a key role in the drainage network evolution in lowland areas, also influencing past and present social processes and economic activities. Crevasse splays represent significant geomorphological features for understanding the fluvial morphodynamics in lowland areas dominated by avulsion processes. Within wide floodplains characterized by very low elevation ranges, the detection and accurate mapping of crevasse splay morphology and features, such as crevasse channels, levees, and deposit, can be very challenging considering floodplain extension, anthropic impact on the natural channels network, logistic difficulties, and in some cases, climate conditions that prevent field work. This research aims at improving the detection and mapping of crevasse splays in lowland areas through the combination of different remote sensing techniques based on optical multispectral imagery and topographic data derived from satellite earth observation missions. The Lower Mesopotamia Plain (LMP) offers a unique opportunity to study the avulsion processes because it presents numerous examples of crevasse splays, characterized by different sizes and states of activity. Furthermore, in this area, a strong correlation exists between the formation and development of crevasse splays and the expansion of agriculture and early societies since the Early Holocene. Different supervised classification (SC) methods of Landsat 8 satellite images have been tested together with topographic analysis of the microrelief, carried out based on two different 1-arcsec DEMs (AW3D30 and GDEM2). The results of this study demonstrate that the combination of multispectral imagery analysis and topographic analysis of the microrelief is useful for discerning different crevasse elements, distinguishing between active and relict landforms. The methodological approach proved helpful for improving the mapping of erosional and depositional landforms generated by the avulsion process and, in the study area, provided the best results for the active landforms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12142243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,14]],"date-time":"2020-07-14T09:30:49Z","timestamp":1594719049000},"page":"2243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Combining Satellite Multispectral Imagery and Topographic Data for the Detection and Mapping of Fluvial Avulsion Processes in Lowland Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1419-1536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Iacobucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, SAPIENZA University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4554-1332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Troiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, SAPIENZA University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7909-4641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Milli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, SAPIENZA University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Geology and Geoengineering (IGAG), National Research Council, 00010 Montelibretti (Rome), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0042-3444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Mazzanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, SAPIENZA University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"NHAZCA s.r.l., Spin-off SAPIENZA University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5235-3882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Piacentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino \u201cCarlo Bo\u201d, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Zocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHAZCA s.r.l., Spin-off SAPIENZA University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0188-2071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Nadali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ancient Sciences, SAPIENZA University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3091.1965.tb01561.x","article-title":"A review of the origin and characteristics of recent alluvial sediments","volume":"5","author":"Allen","year":"1965","journal-title":"Sedimentology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3091.1979.tb00935.x","article-title":"A simulation model of alluvial stratigraphy","volume":"26","author":"Bridge","year":"1979","journal-title":"Sedimentology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, N.D., and Rogers, J. (1999). Causes of avulsion: An overview. Fluvial Sedimentology VI, Blackwells.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444304213"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Bridge, J.S. (2003). Rivers and Floodplains: Forms, Processes, and Sedimentary Record, Blackwells."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.32.101802.120201","article-title":"River avulsions and their deposits","volume":"32","author":"Slingerland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bridge, J., and Demicco, R. (2008). Earth Surface Processes, Landforms, and Sediment Deposits, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511805516"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Leeder, M. (2011). Sedimentology and Sedimentary Basins, Wiley-Blacvkwell. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3091.1999.00263.x","article-title":"Crevasse splays from the rapidly aggrading, sand-bed, Niobrara River, Nebraska: Effect of base-level rise","volume":"46","author":"Bristow","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sedimentology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3091.1989.tb00817.x","article-title":"Anatomy of an avulsion","volume":"36","author":"Smith","year":"1989","journal-title":"Sedimentology"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"159","article-title":"Fine-grained splay deposition in the avulsion belt of the lower Saskatchewan River, Canada","volume":"64","author":"Smith","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Sediment. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.2110\/jsr.2011.040","article-title":"Spatial and temporal evolution of an avulsion on the Taquari River distributive fluvial system from satellite image analysis","volume":"81","author":"Buehler","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sediment. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sedgeo.2011.09.005","article-title":"Simplified process modeling of river avulsion and alluvial architecture: Connecting models and field data","volume":"257\u2013260","author":"Hajek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sediment. Geol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsames.2012.11.009","article-title":"Crevassing and capture by floodplain drains as a cause of partial avulsion and anastomosis (lower Rio Pastaza, Peru)","volume":"44","author":"Bernal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. S. Am. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3268","article-title":"Splitting rivers at their seams: Bifurcations and avulsion","volume":"38","author":"Kleinhans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Proc. Land."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2016.02.005","article-title":"Morphodynamics of the erosional phase of crevasse-splay evolution and implications for river sediment diversion function","volume":"259","author":"Yuill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Goudie, A.S. (2004). Encyclopedia of Geomorphology, Routledge. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miall, A.D. (2006). The Geology of Fluvial Deposits, Springer. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-03237-4"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sedgeo.2017.02.003","article-title":"Anatomy and dimensions of fluvial crevasse-splay deposits: Examples from the Cretaceous Castlegate Sandstone and Neslen Formation, Utah, USA","volume":"351","author":"Burns","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sediment. Geol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.4404","article-title":"The life cycle of crevasse splays as a key mechanism in the aggradation of alluvial ridges and river avulsion","volume":"43","author":"Donselaar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Proc. Land."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sedgeo.2017.06.005","article-title":"Crevasse splay processes and deposits in an ancient distributive fluvial system: The lower Beaufort Group, South Africa","volume":"358","author":"Gulliford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sediment. Geol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.2110\/jsr.2017.40","article-title":"Evaluating controls on crevasse-splay size: Implications for floodplain-basin filling","volume":"87","author":"Millard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sediment. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Roberts, N. (2014). The Holocene: An Environmental History, Wiley-Blackweel. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Walstra, J., Heyvaert, V.M.A., and Verkinderen, P. (2009, January 8\u201311). Remote sensing for the study of fluvial landscapes in Lower Khuzestan, SW Iran. Proceedings of the RSPSoc Annual Conference 2009, Leicester, UK."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.07.013","article-title":"Alluvial fan surface ages recorded by Landsat-8 imagery in Owens Valley, California","volume":"216","author":"Masonc","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borie, C., Parcero-Obi\u1fc6a, C., Kwon, Y., Salazar, D., Flores, C., Olgu\u00ecn, L., and Andrade, A. (2019). Beyond site detection: The role of satellite remote sensing in analysing archaeological problems. A case study in lithic resource procurement in the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11070869"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mihu-Pintilie, A., and Nicu, I.C. (2019). GIS-based landform classification of eneolithic archaeological sites in the plateau-plain transition zone (NE Romania): Habitation practices vs. flood hazard perception. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11080915"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guyot, A., Lennon, M., Thomas, N., Gueguen, S., Petit, T., Lorho, T., Cassen, S., and Hubert-Moy, L. (2019). Airborne hyperspectral imaging for submerged archaeological mapping in shallow water environments. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11192237"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill, A.C., Laugier, E.J., and Casana, J. (2020). Archaeological remote sensing using multi-temporal, drone-acquired thermal and Near Infrared (NIR) Imagery: A case study at the Enfield Shaker Village, New Hampshire. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040690"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capolupo, A., Monterisi, C., and Tarantino, E. (2020). Landsat Images Classification Algorithm (LICA) to automatically extract land cover information in Google Earth Engine environment. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12071201"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orengo, H.A., and Petrie, C.A. (2017). Large-scale, multi-temporal remote sensing of Palaeo-River Networks: A case study from Northwest India and its implications for the Indus civilisation. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201706.0117.v1"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/gea.20057","article-title":"A review of holocene avulsions of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and possible effects on the evolution of civilizations in Lower Mesopotamia","volume":"20","author":"Morozova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geoarchaeology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s12685-015-0127-9","article-title":"Hydraulic landscapes in Mesopotamia: The role of human niche construction","volume":"7","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Hist."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Jotheri, J. (2016). Holocene Avulsion History of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers in the Mesopotamian Floodplain. [Ph.D. Thesis, Durham University]."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"7","article-title":"Geomorphology of the Mesopotamia plain","volume":"4","author":"Yacoub","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iraqi Bull. Geol. Min."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2018.12.012","article-title":"A late Holocene molluscan-based palaeoenvironmental reconstruction from southern Mesopotamia: Implications for the palaeogeographic evolution of the Arabo-Persian Gulf","volume":"152","author":"Briant","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Afr. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/gea.21548","article-title":"Holocene avulsions of the Euphrates river in the Najaf area of Western Mesopotamia: Impacts on human settlement patterns","volume":"31","author":"Jotheri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geoarchaeol. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Engel, M., and Br\u00fcckner, H. (2018). Holocene climate variability of Mesopotamia and its impact on the history of civilisation. EarthArXiv."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.4011","article-title":"The role of long-term human impact on avulsion and fan development","volume":"41","author":"Heyvaert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Proc. Land."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2016.09.009","article-title":"The Euphrates-Tigris-Karun river system: Provenance, recycling and dispersal of quartz-poor foreland-basin sediments in arid climate","volume":"162","author":"Garzanti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Yacoub, S.Y., Roffa, S.H., and Tawfiq, J.M. (1985). The Geology Al-Amara, Al-Nasiriya, Al-Basrah Area, GEOSURV. International Report no. 1386."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3091.1994.tb01422.x","article-title":"Sedimentation in the lake and marshes (Ahwar) of the Tigris and Euphrates delta","volume":"41","author":"Aqrawi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sedimentology"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"47","article-title":"Stratigraphy of the Mesopotamia Plain","volume":"4","author":"Yacoub","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iraqi Bull. Geol. Min."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2307\/1791234","article-title":"The geographical history of the Mesopotamian plains","volume":"118","author":"Lees","year":"1952","journal-title":"Geogr. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(96)00069-6","article-title":"Shoreline reconstructions for the Persian Gulf since the last glacial maximum","volume":"142","author":"Lambeck","year":"1996","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8181(00)00078-3","article-title":"Stratigraphic signatures of climatic change during the Holocene evolution of the Tigris\u2013Euphrates delta, lower Mesopotamia","volume":"28","author":"Aqrawi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/15564890600586283","article-title":"Early state formation in Southern Mesopotamia: Sea levels, shorelines, and climate change","volume":"1","author":"Kennett","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Isl. Coast. Archaeol."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Romano, L., and D\u2019Agostino, F. (2019). Geology and palaeoenvironment of Nasiriyah area\/southern Mesopotamia. Abu Tbeirah Excavations I. Area 1, Sapienza Universit\u00e0 Editrice. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"87","article-title":"Sea level changes in the Mesopotamian Plain and limits of the Arabian Gulf: A critical review","volume":"10","author":"Sissakian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Earth Sci. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2017.07.011","article-title":"Depositional evolution of the Lower Khuzestan plain (SW Iran) since the end of the Late Pleistocene","volume":"171","author":"Bogemans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683616670224","article-title":"New data on the sedimentary processes and timing of the initial inundation of Lower Khuzestan (SW Iran) by the Persian Gulf","volume":"27","author":"Bogemans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Holocene"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Pournelle, J.R. (2003). Marshland of Cities: Deltaic Landscapes and the Evolution of Early Mesopotamian Civilization. [Ph.D. Thesis, Univeristy of California]."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crawford, H. (2013). Physical geography. The Sumerian World, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203096604"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2017.11.037","article-title":"Holocene fluvial and anthropogenic processes in the region of Uruk in southern Mesopotamia","volume":"483","author":"Jotheri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2011.07.018","article-title":"The role of human interference on the channel shifting of the Karkheh River in the Lower Khuzestan plain (Mesopotamia, SW Iran)","volume":"251","author":"Heyvaert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2015.02.004","article-title":"The rivers of civilization","volume":"114","author":"Macklin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Zhuang, Y., and Altaweel, M. (2018). Recognition criteria for canals and rivers in the Mesopotamian floodplain. Water Societies and Technologies from the Past and Present, UCL Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Waterman, R. (2020, April 04). ArcGIS Blog. Available online: https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/products\/arcgis-living-atlas\/imagery\/whats-new-in-world-imagery-basemap-july-2017-through-june-2018\/."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2020, April 04). World Imagery. Available online: https:\/\/www.arcgis.com\/home\/item.html?id=10df2279f9684e4a9f6a7f08febac2a9."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64177-9.00004-7","article-title":"Topographic data from satellites","volume":"Volume 23","author":"Tarolli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sensing of Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santillan, J.R., Makinano-Santillan, M., and Makinano, R.M. (2016, January 10\u201315). Vertical accuracy assessment of ALOS World 3D-30M Digital Elevation Model over northeastern Mindanao, Philippines. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2016.7730400"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Tachikawa, T., Kaku, M., Iwasaki, A., Gesch, D., Oimoen, M., Zhang, Z., Danielson, J., Krieger, T., Curtis, B., and Haase, J. (2020, April 19). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model Version 2\u2014Summary of Validation Results. Available online: https:\/\/ssl.jspacesystems.or.jp\/ersdac\/GDEM\/ver2Validation\/Summary_GDEM2_validation_report_final.pdf."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1029\/GL011i011p01149","article-title":"Active airborne infrared laser system for identification of surface rock and minerals","volume":"11","author":"Kahle","year":"1984","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(92)90097-4","article-title":"Spectral mixture analysis of multispectral thermal infrared images","volume":"42","author":"Gillespie","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Bull, W.B. (1991). Geomorphic Responses to Climatic Change, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.02.001","article-title":"Landsat-8: Science and product vision for terrestrial global change research","volume":"145","author":"Roy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sekandari, M., Masoumi, I., Pour, A.B., Muslim, A.M., Rahmani, O., Hashim, M., Zoheir, B., Pradhan, B., Misra, A., and Aminpour, S.M. (2020). Application of Landsat-8, Sentinel-2, ASTER and WorldView-3 spectral imagery for exploration of carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposits in the CENTRAL IRANIAN TERRANE (CIT). Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12081239"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2020, May 20). USGS Landsat Missions, Available online: https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/land-resources\/nli\/landsat\/landsat-8?qt-science_support_page_related_con=0#qt-science_support_page_related_con."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"283","article-title":"Water flow and the vegetation of running waters","volume":"Volume 15-1","author":"Symoens","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vegetation of Inland Waters"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiatt, M., and Passalacqua, P. (2017). What controls the transition from confined to unconfined flow? Analysis of hydraulics in a coastal river delta. J. Hydraul. Eng., 143.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001309"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"L3 Harris Geospatial (2020, April 19). Classification. Available online: https:\/\/www.harrisgeospatial.com\/docs\/Classification.html#ClassSupervised."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J.G., and Mason, P.J. (2009). Image classification. Essential Image Processing and GIS for Remote Sensing, Wiley-Blackwell. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118687963"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4407","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2011.552923","article-title":"Death to Kappa: Birth of quantity disagreement and allocation disagreement for accuracy assessment","volume":"32","author":"Pontius","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"L3 Harris Geospatial (2020, March 02). Calculate Confusion Matrices. Available online: https:\/\/www.harrisgeospatial.com\/docs\/CalculatingConfusionMatrices.html."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Humboldt State University (2020, March 03). Accuracy Metrics. Available online: http:\/\/gis.humboldt.edu\/OLM\/Courses\/GSP_216_Online\/lesson6-2\/metrics.html."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Banko, G. (1998). A Review of Assessing the Accuracy of Classifications of Remotely Sensed Data and of Methods Including Remote Sensing Data in Forest Inventory, University of Agricultural Sciences. Interim Report IR-98-081."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jotheri, J., de Gruchy, M.W., Almaliki, R., and Feadha, M. (2019). Remote sensing the archaeological traces of boat movement in the marshes of Southern Mesopotamia. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11212474"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/14\/2243\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:50:58Z","timestamp":1760176258000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/14\/2243"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12142243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12142243","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,13]]}}}