{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:46:48Z","timestamp":1784134008591,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Project of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","award":["18511102202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18511102202"]}]},{"name":"Project of civil space technology pre-research of the 13th five-year plan","award":["D040104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D040104"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There are numerous algorithms that can be used to retrieve land surface temperature (LST) and land surface emissivity (LSE) from hyperspectral thermal infrared (HTIR) data. The algorithms are sensitive to a number of factors, where noise is difficult to handle due to its unpredictability. Although there is a lot of research regarding the influence of noise on retrieval errors, few studies have focused on the mechanism. In this study, we selected the automatic retrieval of temperature and emissivity using spectral smoothness (ARTEMISS) algorithm\u2014the representative of the iterative spectral smoothness temperature-emissivity separation algorithm family\u2014as the research object and proposed an improved algorithm. First, we analyzed the influence mechanism of noise on the retrieval errors of ARTEMISS in theory. Second, we carried out a simulation and inversion experiment and analyzed the relationship between instrument spectral resolution, noise level, the ARTEMISS parameter setting and the retrieval errors separately. Last, we proposed an improved method (resolution-degrade-based spectral smoothness algorithm, RDSS) based on the mechanism and law of the influence of noise on retrieval errors and provided corresponding suggestions on instrument design. The results show that RDSS improves the accuracy of temperature inversion and is more effective for thermal infrared data with a high noise level and high spectral resolution, which can reduce the LST inversion error by up to 0.75 K and the LSE median absolute deviation (MAD) by 31%. In the presence of noise in HTIR data, the RDSS algorithm performs better than the ARTEMISS algorithm in terms of temperature-emissivity separation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12142295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T10:22:02Z","timestamp":1594981322000},"page":"2295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Noise-sensitivity Analysis and Improvement of Automatic Retrieval of Temperature and Emissivity Using Spectral Smoothness"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Honglan","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Space Active Opto-Electronic Techniques, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2900-4104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Space Active Opto-Electronic Techniques, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Space Active Opto-Electronic Techniques, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4364-6867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunlai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Space Active Opto-Electronic Techniques, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6611-8528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Space Active Opto-Electronic Techniques, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aslett, Z., Taranik, J.V., and Riley, D.N. 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