{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T03:30:38Z","timestamp":1779334238310,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA19070202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19070202"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41590853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41590853"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Karakoram has had an overall slight positive glacier mass balance since the end of 20th century, which is anomalous given that most other regions in High Mountain Asia have had negative changes. A large number of advancing, retreating, and surging glaciers are heterogeneously mixed in the Karakoram increasing the difficulties and inaccuracies to identify glacier surges. We found two adjacent glaciers in the eastern Karakoram behaving differently from 1995 to 2019: one was surging and the other was advancing. In order to figure out the differences existing between them and the potential controls on surges in this region, we collected satellite images from Landsat series, ASTER, and Google Earth, along with two sets of digital elevation model. Utilizing visual interpretation, feature tracking of optical images, and differencing between digital elevation models, three major differences were observed: (1) the evolution profiles of the terminus positions occupied different change patterns; (2) the surging glacier experienced a dramatic fluctuation in the surface velocities during and after the event, while the advancing glacier flowed in a stable mode; and (3) surface elevation of the surging glacier decreased in the reservoir and increased in the receiving zone. However, the advancing glacier only had an obvious elevation increase over its terminus part. These differences can be regarded as standards for surge identification in mountain ranges. After combining the differences with regional meteorological conditions, we suggested that changes of thermal and hydrological conditions could play a role in the surge occurrence, in addition, geomorphological characteristics and increasing warming climate might also be part of it. This research strongly contributes to the literatures of glacial motion and glacier mass change in the eastern Karakoram through remote sensing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12142297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T10:59:38Z","timestamp":1595242778000},"page":"2297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Distinguishing Glaciers between Surging and Advancing by Remote Sensing: A Case Study in the Eastern Karakoram"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4084-9784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyang","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huadong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Earthquake Response Support Service, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunpeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiancai","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhixing","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiyong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MNR Key Laboratory of Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1234532","article-title":"A reconciled estimate of glacier contributions to sea level rise: 2003 to 2009","volume":"340","author":"Gardner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1143906","article-title":"Glaciers dominate eustatic sea-level rise in the 21st century","volume":"317","author":"Meier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1126\/science.264.5156.243","article-title":"Quantifying global warming from the retreat of glaciers","volume":"264","author":"Oerlemans","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3189\/2014AoG66A001","article-title":"Hazard assessment of glacial lake outburst floods from Kyagar glacier, Karakoram mountains, China","volume":"55","author":"Haemmig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. 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