{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T05:39:56Z","timestamp":1769924396792,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,18]],"date-time":"2020-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["No. XDA20060301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. XDA20060301"]}]},{"name":"the International Cooperation Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41761144079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41761144079"]}]},{"name":"the State\u2019s Key Project of Research and Development Plan","award":["2017YFC0404501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0404501"]}]},{"name":"the CAS Interdisplinary Innovation Team","award":["JCTD-2019-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCTD-2019-20"]}]},{"name":"project of the Research Center of Ecology and Environment in Central Asia","award":["No. Y934031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. Y934031"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human activities are mainly responsible for the Aral Sea crisis, and excessive farmland expansion and unreasonable irrigation regimes are the main manifestations. The conflicting needs of agricultural water consumption and ecological water demand of the Aral Sea are increasingly prominent. However, the quantitative relationship among the water balance elements in the oasis located in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River Basin and their impact on the retreat of the Aral Sea remain unclear. Therefore, this study focused on the water consumption of the Nukus irrigation area in the delta of the Amu Darya River and analyzed the water balance variations and their impacts on the Aral Sea. The surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) was employed to retrieve daily and seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) levels from 1992 to 2018, and a water balance equation was established based on the results of a remote sensing evapotranspiration inversion. The results indicated that the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) simulated by the SEBAL model matched the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) calculated by the Penman\u2013Monteith method well, and the correlation coefficients between the two ETa sources were greater than 0.8. The total ETa levels in the growing seasons decreased from 1992 to 2005 and increased from 2005 to 2015, which is consistent with the changes in the cultivated land area and inflows from the Amu Darya River. In 2000, 2005 and 2010, the groundwater recharge volumes into the Aral Sea during the growing season were 6.74\u00d7109 m3, 1.56\u00d7109 m3 and 8.40\u00d7109 m3; respectively; in the dry year of 2012, regional ET exceeded the river inflow, and 2.36\u00d7109 m3 of groundwater was extracted to supplement the shortage of irrigation water. There is a significant two-year lag correlation between the groundwater level and the area of the southern Aral Sea. This study can provide useful information for water resources management in the Aral Sea region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12142317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T10:59:38Z","timestamp":1595242778000},"page":"2317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Water Balance Analysis Based on a Quantitative Evapotranspiration Inversion in the Nukus Irrigation Area, Lower Amu River Basin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9907-2439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhibin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Application, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Application, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6879-4818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Application, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1054-5966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junli","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Application, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5302-7851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shamshodbek","family":"Akmalov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, Tashkent 999033, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiabin","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Application, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Application, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenyu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Application, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongchao","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Application, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bortnik, V., and Chistyaeva, N. 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