{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T18:11:56Z","timestamp":1770833516003,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]],"date-time":"2020-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluates the applicability of numerical weather prediction output supplemented with remote sensing data for near real-time operational estimation of hourly evapotranspiration (ET). Rapid Refresh (RAP) and High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) systems were selected to provide forcing data for a Penman-Monteith model to calculate the Actual Evapotranspiration (AET) over Iowa. To investigate how the satellite-based remotely sensed net radiation (     R n     ) estimates might potentially improve AET estimates, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite derived      R n      (GOES-     R n     ) data were incorporated into each dataset for comparison with the RAP and HRRR      R n     -based AET evaluations. The authors formulated a total of four AET models\u2014RAP, HRRR, RAP-GOES, HRRR-GOES, and validated the respective ET estimates against two eddy covariance tower measurements from central Iowa. The implementation of HRRR-GOES for AET estimates showed the best results among the four models. The HRRR-GOES model improved statistical results, yielding a correlation coefficient of 0.8, a root mean square error (mm hr\u22121) of 0.08, and a mean bias (mm hr\u22121) of 0.02 while the HRRR only model results were 0.64, 0.09, and 0.04, respectively. Despite limited in situ observational data to fully test a proposed AET estimation, the HRRR-GOES model clearly showed potential utility as a tool to predict AET at a regional scale with high spatio-temporal resolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12142337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,22]],"date-time":"2020-07-22T03:23:16Z","timestamp":1595388196000},"page":"2337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Estimating Near Real-Time Hourly Evapotranspiration Using Numerical Weather Prediction Model Output and GOES Remote Sensing Data in Iowa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7252-698X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wonsook","family":"S. Ha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IIHR-Hydroscience &amp; Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Iowa Flood Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"R. Diak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3477-9281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Witold","family":"F. Krajewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IIHR-Hydroscience &amp; Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Iowa Flood Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brutsaert, W. (1982). Evaporation into the Atmosphere: Theory, History, and Applications, Kluwer Academic Publisher.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-1497-6"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2001)002<0599:FBTLSE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Feedback between the land surface energy balance and atmospheric boundary layer diagnosed through a model and its adjoint","volume":"2","author":"Margulis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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