{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:04:03Z","timestamp":1760238243374,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]],"date-time":"2020-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TIN2017-84968-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TIN2017-84968-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, the application of geomatics tools in archaeology has proved to be very useful to obtain meaningful knowledge of the 3D reconstruction of archaeological remains and semantic classification of the 3D surface. These techniques have proven to be an effective solution for the 3D modeling and the extraction of many spatial features on an archaeological site. However, novel methodologies as well as new data exploitation strategies are required to exploit these geospatial data for natural and cultural heritage documentation, monitoring, and preservation. In this paper, we have studied unique archaeological ruins, a Mozarab church in Al-Andalus, using high-resolution RGB images, which was taken by a drone. Thus, a 3D reconstruction of the ruins and the surrounding environment is carried out in order to characterize it on a dense point cloud. Then, a digital elevation model (DEM) was calculated in order to identify critical slope lines, which are significant to determine where the structure of the church was built. Our results can be used for the development of an architectural project and thus a virtual recreation of these archaeological ruins was performed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12152377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]],"date-time":"2020-07-24T09:06:09Z","timestamp":1595581569000},"page":"2377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The UAS-Based 3D Image Characterization of Mozarabic Church Ruins in Bobastro (Malaga), Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0070-0133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Enr\u00edquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic and Geodetic Engineering and Photogrammetry, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8009-9033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Jurado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Graphics and Geomatics Group of Ja\u00e9n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandro","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Arquitectura, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala 01012, Guatemala"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"Call\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Arquitectura, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala 01012, Guatemala"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Collado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Historical Heritage, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Espina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Arquitectura, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala 01012, Guatemala"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Marroqu\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Arquitectura, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala 01012, Guatemala"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Arquitectura, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala 01012, Guatemala"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Osla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Arquitectura, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala 01012, Guatemala"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Isabel","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic and Geodetic Engineering and Photogrammetry, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scarlett","family":"Sarce\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Arquitectura, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala 01012, Guatemala"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8230-6529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Ram\u00f3n","family":"Feito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Graphics and Geomatics Group of Ja\u00e9n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.1569","article-title":"Drones in Archaeology. 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