{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T14:33:56Z","timestamp":1775745236803,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001664","name":"Leibniz-Gemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SAW\u2010K45\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAW\u2010K45\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, the United States Geological Service (USGS) released a new provisional product which estimates aquatic reflectance from Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), called Landsat 8 Provisional Aquatic Reflectance (L8PAR). However, as indicated in the product guide, the use of this product for inland waters needs further verification and improvements. The goal of this study was to determine how the novel L8PAR product performs for different small turbid and eutrophic lakes in Northern Germany compared to in situ measurements of above water remote sensing reflectance (Rrs). For several recent scenes during our monitoring, the L8PAR product failed to produce full data for the lakes of our interest. For the best scene with in situ spectra, L8PAR was not able to retrieve any information for band 1 and not all information for bands 2, 3 and 4. The pixels with valid values for reflectance showed a weak relationship for band 2 (R2 of 0.24) and a medium relationship for bands 3 and 4 (R2 of 0.68 and 0.72, respectively). Compared to other atmospheric correction routines (ACOLITE, C2RCC, C2X, iCOR and L8SR), L8PAR was the only product which was not able to retrieve Rrs for all match up samples. This work provides an evaluation of the L8PAR product for inland waterbodies. Although more analysis and validation need to be conducted, our study suggests that the L8PAR product cannot be used for small inland lakes in its current state and has to be used with care for inland waters in general.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12152410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T10:16:49Z","timestamp":1595931409000},"page":"2410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Performance of the Landsat 8 Provisional Aquatic Reflectance Product for Inland Waters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6328-0001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Ogashawara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Zur Alten Fischerhuette 2, 16775 Stechlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7596-6366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Jechow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Zur Alten Fischerhuette 2, 16775 Stechlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Ecohydrology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, M\u00fcggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Kiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Zur Alten Fischerhuette 2, 16775 Stechlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7524-3806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrin","family":"Kohnert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Zur Alten Fischerhuette 2, 16775 Stechlin, Germany"},{"name":"Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8835-545X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stella A.","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Zur Alten Fischerhuette 2, 16775 Stechlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Wollrab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Zur Alten Fischerhuette 2, 16775 Stechlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.08.026","article-title":"The next Landsat satellite: The Landsat Data Continuity Mission","volume":"122","author":"Irons","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.01.007","article-title":"Comparison of Landsat 8 and Landsat 7 for regional measurements of CDOM and water clarity in lakes","volume":"185","author":"Olmanson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012005","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.11.012005","article-title":"Slope algorithm to map algal blooms in inland waters for Landsat 8\/Operational Land Imager images","volume":"11","author":"Ogashawara","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.04.011","article-title":"Landsat 8: Providing continuity and increased precision for measuring multi-decadal time series of total suspended matter","volume":"185","author":"Lymburner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-017-3462-2","article-title":"Mapping phytoplankton blooms in deep subalpine lakes from Sentinel-2A and Landsat-8","volume":"824","author":"Bresciani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.02.033","article-title":"A semi-analytical scheme to estimate Secchi-disk depth from Landsat-8 measurements","volume":"177","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2016.11.003","article-title":"Mapping turbidity patterns in the Po river prodelta using multi-temporal Landsat 8 imagery","volume":"198","author":"Braga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wang, M. (2010). Atmospheric correction for remotely-sensed ocean-colour products. Reports of the International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group, IOCCG."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8967","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.860660","article-title":"Evaluation of four MERIS atmospheric correction algorithms in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan","volume":"34","author":"Jaelani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, D.R., Ogashawara, I., and Gitelson, A.A. (2017). Atmospheric Correction for Inland Waters. Bio-Optical Modeling and Remote Sensing of Inland Waters, Elsevier. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804644-9.00001-X"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.01.009","article-title":"Turbid wakes associated with offshore wind turbines observed with Landsat 8","volume":"145","author":"Vanhellemont","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.02.007","article-title":"Advantages of high quality SWIR bands for ocean colour processing: Examples from Landsat-8","volume":"161","author":"Vanhellemont","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600821127","article-title":"The MERIS Case 2 water algorithm","volume":"28","author":"Doerffer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Lee, Z.P. (2007). The MERIS neural network algorithm. Remote Sensing of Inherent Optical Properties: Fundamentals, Tests of Algorithms, and Applications, IOCCG."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Brockmann, C., Doerffer, R., Peters, M., Stelzer, K., Embacher, S., and Ruescas, A. (2016, January 9\u201313). Evolution of the C2RCC neural network for Sentinel 2 and 3 for the retrieval of ocean colour products in normal and extreme optically complex waters. Proceedings of the Living Planet Symposium, Prague, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1080\/22797254.2018.1457937","article-title":"Atmospheric correction of Landsat-8\/OLI and Sentinel-2\/MSI data using iCOR algorithm: Validation for coastal and inland waters","volume":"51","author":"Sterckx","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.04.008","article-title":"Preliminary analysis of the performance of the Landsat 8\/OLI land surface reflectance product","volume":"185","author":"Vermote","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Ihlen, V. (2020). Landsat Provisional Aquatic Reflectance Product Guide, USGS."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.12.030","article-title":"Landsat 8 remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) products: Evaluations, intercomparisons, and enhancements","volume":"190","author":"Pahlevan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilori, C.O., Pahlevan, N., and Knudby, A. (2019). Analyzing Performances of Different Atmospheric Correction Techniques for Landsat 8: Application for Coastal Remote Sensing. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11040469"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Ihlen, V. (2020). Landsat Provisional Aquatic Reflectance Algorithm Description Document (ADD), USGS."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Riedm\u00fcller, U., Hoehn, E., and Mischke, U. (2014). Trophieklassifikation von Seen. Richtlinie zur Ermittlung des Trophie-Index nach LAWA f\u00fcr nat\u00fcrliche Seen, Baggerseen, Talsperren und Speicherseen. Empfehlungen Oberirdische Gew\u00e4sser. Hrsg. LAWA\u2014Bund\/L\u00e4nder Arbeitsgemeinschaft Wasser. 34 S. zzgl. Access-Auswertetool, LAWA."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7442","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.38.007442","article-title":"Estimation of the remote-sensing reflectance from above-surface measurements","volume":"38","author":"Mobley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Lacoste, H., and Ouwehand, L. (2018). Adjacency effect consideration and air\/water constituent retrieval for Lake Constance. Proceedings of the 2nd MERIS\/(A)ATSR Workshop, ESA-ESRIN."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8743","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65600-1","article-title":"New capabilities of Sentinel-2A\/B satellites combined with in situ data for monitoring small harmful algal blooms in complex coastal waters","volume":"10","author":"Caballero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"11744","article-title":"Atmospheric correction for satellite-derived bathymetry in the Caribbean waters: From a single image to multi-temporal approaches using Sentinel-2A\/B","volume":"28","author":"Cabellero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira-Sandoval, M., Ruesca, A., Urrego, P., Ruiz-Verd\u00fa, A., Delegido, J., Tenjo, C., Soria-Perpiny\u00e0, X., Vicente, E., Soria, J., and Moreno, J. (2019). Evaluation of Atmospheric Correction Algorithms over Spanish Inland Waters for Sentinel-2 MultiSpectral Imagery Data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11121469"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.03.018","article-title":"Assessment of atmospheric correction algorithms for the Sentinel-2A MultiSpectral Imager over coastal and inland waters","volume":"225","author":"Warren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7754","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.33.007754","article-title":"Influence of oceanic whitecaps on atmospheric correction of ocean-color sensors","volume":"33","author":"Gordon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazeer, M., Bilal, M., Nichol, J.E., Wu, W., Alsahli, M.M.M., Shahzad, M.I., and Gayen, B.K. (2020). First Experiences with the Landsat-8 Aquatic Reflectance Product: Evaluation of the Regional and Ocean Color Algorithms in a Coastal Environment. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12121938"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29633","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29633","article-title":"The size-distribution of Earth\u2019s lakes","volume":"6","author":"Cael","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/15\/2410\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:52:09Z","timestamp":1760176329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/15\/2410"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12152410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12152410","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]}}}