{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T09:37:37Z","timestamp":1770457057568,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Contract No. 1.1.1.2\/16\/I\/001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Contract No. 1.1.1.2\/16\/I\/001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOBTP106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOBTP106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002301","name":"Eesti Teadusagentuur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRG302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRG302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002301","name":"Eesti Teadusagentuur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSG10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSG10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phytoplankton primary production (PP) in lakes play an important role in the global carbon cycle. However, monitoring the PP in lakes with traditional complicated and costly in situ sampling methods are impossible due to the large number of lakes worldwide (estimated to be 117 million lakes). In this study, bio-optical modelling and remote sensing data (Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Colour Instrument) was combined to investigate the spatial and temporal variation of PP in four Baltic lakes during 2018. The model used has three input parameters: concentration of chlorophyll-a, the diffuse attenuation coefficient, and incident downwelling irradiance. The largest of our studied lakes, V\u00f5rtsj\u00e4rv (270 km2), had the highest total yearly estimated production (61 Gg C y\u22121) compared to the smaller lakes Lubans (18 Gg C y\u22121) and Razna (7 Gg C y\u22121). However, the most productive was the smallest studied, Lake Burtnieks (40.2 km2); although the total yearly production was 13 Gg C y\u22121, the daily average areal production was 910 mg C m\u22122 d\u22121 in 2018. Even if lake size plays a significant role in the total PP of the lake, the abundance of small and medium-sized lakes would sum up to a significant contribution of carbon fixation. Our method is applicable to larger regions to monitor the spatial and temporal variability of lake PP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12152415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T10:16:49Z","timestamp":1595931409000},"page":"2415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Spatio-Temporal Variability of Phytoplankton Primary Production in Baltic Lakes Using Sentinel-3 OLCI Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tuuli","family":"Soomets","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental Solutions, Lidlauks, LV-4101 Prieku\u013cu parish, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristi","family":"Uudeberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Observatooriumi 1, 61602 Toravere, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kersti","family":"Kangro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Observatooriumi 1, 61602 Toravere, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2969-5972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dainis","family":"Jakovels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental Solutions, Lidlauks, LV-4101 Prieku\u013cu parish, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8011-3125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agris","family":"Brauns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental Solutions, Lidlauks, LV-4101 Prieku\u013cu parish, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5190-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaire","family":"Toming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, M\u00e4ealuse 14, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matiss","family":"Zagars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental Solutions, Lidlauks, LV-4101 Prieku\u013cu parish, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiit","family":"Kutser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, M\u00e4ealuse 14, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-019-04157-1","article-title":"Carbon and nitrogen recycling during cyanoHABs in dreissenid-invaded and non-invaded US midwestern lakes and reservoirs","volume":"847","author":"Hamilton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(03)00243-1","article-title":"Fluxes of methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in boreal lakes and potential anthropogenic effects on the aquatic greenhouse gas emissions","volume":"52","author":"Huttunen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-006-9013-8","article-title":"Plumbing the Global Carbon Cycle: Integrating Inland Waters into the Terrestrial Carbon Budget","volume":"10","author":"Cole","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36519-5","article-title":"Global regulation of methane emission from natural lakes","volume":"9","author":"Sanches","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6396","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL060641","article-title":"A global inventory of lakes based on high-resolution satellite imagery","volume":"41","author":"Verpoorter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2298","article-title":"Lakes and reservoirs as regulators of carbon cycling and climate","volume":"54","author":"Tranvik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GB005979","article-title":"Evaluations of Climate and Land Management Effects on Lake Carbon Cycling Need to Account for Temporal Variability in CO2 Concentrations","volume":"33","author":"Klaus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5374.237","article-title":"Primary Production of the Biosphere: Integrating Terrestrial and Oceanic Components","volume":"281","author":"Field","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marra, J. (1980). Vertical Mixing and Primary Production. Primary Productivity in the Sea, Springer US.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-3890-1_7"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/07438148409354524","article-title":"Factors controlling primary production in lakes and reservoirs: A perspective","volume":"1","author":"Kimmel","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lake Reserv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00027-008-8065-6","article-title":"Responses of lake phytoplankton to micronutrient enrichment: A study in two New Zealand lakes and an analysis of published data","volume":"70","author":"Downs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/iroh.200811068","article-title":"On the Phosphorus Limitation Paradigm for Lakes","volume":"93","author":"Sterner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Hydrobiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirk, J.T.O. (2010). Light and Photosynthesis in Aquatic Ecosystems, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139168212"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierson, D.C. (2012). Light and Primary Production in Lakes. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, Springer Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-4410-6_261"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41003-9","article-title":"Light quality determines primary production in nutrient-poor small lakes","volume":"9","author":"Tanabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/18.2.117","article-title":"The use of radioactive carbon (14C) for measuring primary production in the sea","volume":"18","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Du Cons. Int. Pour l\u2019Exploration La Mer"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1977.22.5.0925","article-title":"The use of the 13 C and 15 N isotopes for the simultaneous measurement of carbon and nitrogen turnover rates in marine phytoplankton1","volume":"22","author":"Slawyk","year":"1977","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2000.45.8.1718","article-title":"Persistence of net heterotrophy in lakes during nutrient addition and food web manipulations","volume":"45","author":"Cole","year":"2000","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.01.037","article-title":"Horizontal differences in ecosystem metabolism of a large shallow lake","volume":"535","author":"Idrizaj","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s10666-011-9305-z","article-title":"Quantification of a Primary Production Model Using Two Versions of the Spectral Distribution of the Phytoplankton Absorption Coefficient","volume":"17","author":"Arst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Assess."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1126\/science.241.4873.1613","article-title":"Oceanic Primary Production: Estimation by Remote Sensing at Local and Regional Scales","volume":"241","author":"Platt","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1997.42.1.0001","article-title":"Photosynthetic rates derived from satellite-based chlorophyll concentration","volume":"42","author":"Behrenfeld","year":"1997","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, D., Shi, K., and Zhang, Y. (2017). Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Phytoplankton Primary Production in Lake Taihu Derived from MODIS Data. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9030195"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2008.11.013","article-title":"Phytoplankton bloom status: Chlorophyll a biomass as an indicator of water quality condition in the southern estuaries of Florida, USA","volume":"9","author":"Boyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbh158","article-title":"Phytoplankton community assemblage in the English Channel: A comparison using chlorophyll a derived from HPLC-CHEMTAX and carbon derived from microscopy cell counts","volume":"27","author":"Llewellyn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-009-0023-3","article-title":"Carbon:chlorophyll a ratio, assimilation numbers and turnover times of Lake Kinneret phytoplankton","volume":"639","author":"Yacobi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GB002299","article-title":"Carbon-based ocean productivity and phytoplankton physiology from space","volume":"19","author":"Behrenfeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-020-04213-1","article-title":"Impact of nutrients on photoacclimation of phytoplankton in an oligotrophic lake measured with long-term and high-frequency data: Implications for chlorophyll as an estimate of phytoplankton biomass","volume":"847","author":"Girdner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GB005521","article-title":"The CAFE model: A net production model for global ocean phytoplankton","volume":"30","author":"Silsbe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0380-1330(04)70405-0","article-title":"Evaluation and Regional Optimization of Bio-optical Algorithms for Central Lake Superior","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Great Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2012.12.007","article-title":"A band-ratio algorithm for retrieving open-lake chlorophyll values from satellite observations of the Great Lakes","volume":"39","author":"Lesht","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Great Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/fwb.12569","article-title":"Relative importance of phosphorus, invasive mussels and climate for patterns in chlorophyll a and primary production in Lakes Michigan and Huron","volume":"60","author":"Warner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2016.02.004","article-title":"Lake-wide phytoplankton production and abundance in the Upper Great Lakes: 2010\u20132013","volume":"42","author":"Fahnenstiel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Great Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbl004","article-title":"Temporal and vertical variation of chlorophyll a concentration, phytoplankton photosynthetic activity and light attenuation in Lake Kinneret: Possibilities and limitations for simulation by remote sensing","volume":"28","author":"Yacobi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10674","article-title":"Optical types of inland and coastal waters","volume":"63","author":"Spyrakos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uudeberg, K. (2020). Optical Water Type Guided Approach to Estimate Water Quality in Inland and Coastal Waters. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tartu].","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12060931"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.05.020","article-title":"Estimating lake carbon fractions from remote sensing data","volume":"157","author":"Kutser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giardino, C., Bresciani, M., Braga, F., Cazzaniga, I., De Keukelaere, L., Knaeps, E., and Brando, V.E. (2017). Bio-optical Modeling of Total Suspended Solids. Bio-Optical Modeling and Remote Sensing of Inland Waters, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804644-9.00005-7"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.11.009","article-title":"Mapping lake CDOM by satellite remote sensing","volume":"94","author":"Kutser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kutser, T., Koponen, S., Kallio, K.Y., Fincke, T., and Paavel, B. (2017). Bio-optical Modeling of Colored Dissolved Organic Matter. Bio-Optical Modeling and Remote Sensing of Inland Waters, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804644-9.00004-5"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.03.023","article-title":"Modelling primary production in shallow well mixed lakes based on MERIS satellite data","volume":"163","author":"Kauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/20442041.2018.1530529","article-title":"Spatial and temporal changes of primary production in a deep peri-alpine lake","volume":"9","author":"Soomets","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inland Waters"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2020, June 18). ESA Sentinel-3 OLCI. Available online: https:\/\/sentinel.esa.int\/web\/sentinel\/user-guides\/sentinel-3-olci."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Eppley, R., Stewart, E., Abbott, M., and Owen, R. (1985, January 6). Estimating ocean production from satellite-derived chlorophyll: Insights from the Eastropac data set. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Vertical Motion in the Equatorial Upper Ocean and its Effects Upon Living Resources and the AtmosphereOceanol, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1997.42.7.1479","article-title":"A consumer\u2019s guide to phytoplankton primary productivity models","volume":"42","author":"Behrenfeld","year":"1997","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbi075","article-title":"Inherent optical properties of the Irish Sea and their effect on satellite primary production algorithms","volume":"27","author":"Tilstone","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joo, H., Son, S., Park, J.-W., Kang, J., Jeong, J.-Y., Lee, C., Kang, C.-K., and Lee, S. (2016). Long-Term Pattern of Primary Productivity in the East\/Japan Sea Based on Ocean Color Data Derived from MODIS-Aqua. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8010025"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2006.01.028","article-title":"A comparison of global estimates of marine primary production from ocean color","volume":"53","author":"Carr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-8-489-2011","article-title":"An evaluation of ocean color model estimates of marine primary productivity in coastal and pelagic regions across the globe","volume":"8","author":"Saba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"GB2024","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GB003078","article-title":"Carbon-based primary productivity modeling with vertically resolved photoacclimation","volume":"22","author":"Westberry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124011","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab4667","article-title":"Global ocean primary production trends in the modern ocean color satellite record (1998\u20132015)","volume":"14","author":"Gregg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3354\/ab00059","article-title":"In situ measurements and model calculations of primary production in turbid waters","volume":"3","author":"Arst","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2020, May 01). LEGMC (State Limited Liability Company \u201cLatvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre\u201d) National Monitoring Database. Available online: www.meteo.lv\/fs\/CKFinderJava\/userfiles\/ files\/Par_centru\/ES_projekti\/Projekts_Udens_kvalitate\/Assessment_on_data_availability_and_quality.do."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2020, May 01). Latvian Lakes Ezeri.Lv. Available online: www.ezeri.lv."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"257","article-title":"Water level as the mediator between climate change and phytoplankton composition in a large shallow temperate lake","volume":"506\u2013509","author":"Laugaste","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2019, February 01). Copernicus Online Data Access. Available online: Coda.eumetsat.int."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Brockmann, C., Doerffer, R., Peters, M., Stelzer, K., Embacher, S., and Ruescas, A. (2016, January 9\u201313). Evolution of the C2RCC neural network for Sentinel 2 and 3 for the retrieval of ocean colour products in normal and extreme optically complex waters. Proceedings of the ESA Living Planet Symposium, Prague, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Zuhlke, M., Fomferra, N., Brockmann, C., Peters, M., Veci, L., Malik, J., and Regner, P. (2015, January 2\u20135). SNAP (sentinel application platform) and the ESA sentinel 3 toolbox. Proceedings of the Sentinel-3 for Science Workshop, Venice, Italy."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-4343(02)00222-4","article-title":"Optical characteristics of two contrasting Case 2 waters and their influence on remote sensing algorithms","volume":"23","author":"Darecki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceano.2016.08.002","article-title":"Testing the performance of empirical remote sensing algorithms in the Baltic Sea waters with modelled and in situ reflectance data","volume":"59","author":"Ligi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.09.021","article-title":"Remote sensing of inland waters: Challenges, progress and future directions","volume":"157","author":"Palmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toming, K., Kutser, T., Uiboupin, R., Arikas, A., Vahter, K., and Paavel, B. (2017). Mapping Water Quality Parameters with Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Colour Instrument imagery in the Baltic Sea. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9101070"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1989.34.8.1524","article-title":"Bio-optical modeling of photosynthetic production in coastal waters","volume":"34","author":"Smith","year":"1989","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uudeberg, K., Ansko, I., P\u00f5ru, G., Ansper, A., and Reinart, A. (2019). Using Optical Water Types to Monitor Changes in Optically Complex Inland and Coastal Waters. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11192297"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soomets, T., Uudeberg, K., Jakovels, D., Brauns, A., Zagars, M., and Kutser, T. (2020). Validation and Comparison of Water Quality Products in Baltic Lakes Using Sentinel-2 MSI and Sentinel-3 OLCI Data. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030742"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/lom3.10033","article-title":"Robust remote sensing algorithms to derive the diffuse attenuation coefficient for lakes and coastal waters","volume":"13","author":"Alikas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2017.09.028","article-title":"Hyperspectral radiometer for automated measurement of global and diffuse sky irradiance","volume":"204","author":"Kuusk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-011-0647-y","article-title":"Reconstructed long-term time series of phytoplankton primary production of a large shallow temperate lake: The basis to assess the carbon balance and its climate sensitivity","volume":"667","author":"Arst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3176\/proc.2013.4.07","article-title":"Development and application of a phytoplankton primary production model for well-mixed lakes","volume":"62","author":"Kauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Est. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vahtm\u00e4e, E., Kutser, T., Martin, G., and Kotta, J. (2006). Feasibility of hyperspectral remote sensing for mapping benthic macroalgal cover in turbid coastal waters\u2014A Baltic Sea case study. Remote Sens. Environ.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.01.009"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.56.000854","article-title":"Adjacency effects in satellite radiometric products from coastal waters: A theoretical analysis for the northern Adriatic Sea","volume":"56","author":"Bulgarelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soomets, T., Uudeberg, K., Jakovels, D., Zagars, M., Reinart, A., Brauns, A., and Kutser, T. (2019). Comparison of Lake Optical Water Types Derived from Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-3. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11232883"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Greb, S., Dekker, A., and Binding, C.E. (2018). Understanding the Satellite Signal from Inland and Coastal Waters. Earth Observations in Support of Global Water Quality Monitoring, International Ocean Color Coordinating Group."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2014.02.018","article-title":"Bio-optical properties and primary production of Lake Michigan: Insights from 13-years of SeaWiFS imagery","volume":"40","author":"Yousef","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Great Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2013.05.001","article-title":"A model for determining satellite-derived primary productivity estimates for Lake Michigan","volume":"39","author":"Shuchman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Great Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.11.013","article-title":"Spatio-temporal dynamics of phytoplankton and primary production in Lake Tanganyika using a MODIS based bio-optical time series","volume":"114","author":"Bergamino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi2041153","article-title":"Optimizing the Use of Secchi Depth as a Proxy for Euphotic Depth in Coastal Waters: An Empirical Study from the Baltic Sea","volume":"2","author":"Luhtala","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"(2020, June 17). CIPEL (Commission International Pour la Protection des Eaux du L\u00e9man). Available online: http:\/\/www.cipel.org\/."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1139\/f92-270","article-title":"Effects of Lake Size on Phytoplankton Photosynthesis","volume":"49","author":"Fee","year":"1992","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/15\/2415\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:52:14Z","timestamp":1760176334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/15\/2415"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12152415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12152415","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]}}}