{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T03:07:12Z","timestamp":1776136032964,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA Applied Sciences Capacity Building Program","award":["NASA Cooperative Agreement: NNM11AA01A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NASA Cooperative Agreement: NNM11AA01A"]}]},{"name":"US Agency for International Development (USAID) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)","award":["Cooperative Agreement Number:421AID-486-A-14-0000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Cooperative Agreement Number:421AID-486-A-14-0000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite remote sensing plays an important role in the monitoring of surface water for historical analysis and near real-time applications. Due to its cloud penetrating capability, many studies have focused on providing efficient and high quality methods for surface water mapping using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). However, few studies have explored the effects of SAR pre-processing steps used and the subsequent results as inputs into surface water mapping algorithms. This study leverages the Google Earth Engine to compare two unsupervised histogram-based thresholding surface water mapping algorithms utilizing two distinct pre-processed Sentinel-1 SAR datasets, specifically one with and one without terrain correction. The resulting surface water maps from the four different collections were validated with user-interpreted samples from high-resolution Planet Scope data. It was found that the overall accuracy from the four collections ranged from 92% to 95% with Cohen\u2019s Kappa coefficients ranging from 0.7999 to 0.8427. The thresholding algorithm that samples a histogram based on water edge information performed best with a maximum accuracy of 95%. While the accuracies varied between methods it was found that there is no statistical significant difference between the errors of the different collections. Furthermore, the surface water maps generated from the terrain corrected data resulted in a intersection over union metrics of 95.8%\u201396.4%, showing greater spatial agreement, as compared to 92.3%\u201393.1% intersection over union using the non-terrain corrected data. Overall, it was found that algorithms using terrain correction yield higher overall accuracy and yielded a greater spatial agreement between methods. However, differences between the approaches presented in this paper were not found to be significant suggesting both methods are valid for generating accurate surface water maps. High accuracy surface water maps are critical to disaster planning and response efforts, thus results from this study can help inform SAR data users on the pre-processing steps needed and its effects as inputs on algorithms for surface water mapping applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12152469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T06:16:47Z","timestamp":1596435407000},"page":"2469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Comparing Sentinel-1 Surface Water Mapping Algorithms and Radiometric Terrain Correction Processing in Southeast Asia Utilizing Google Earth Engine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7557-0425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kel N.","family":"Markert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Center, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA"},{"name":"SERVIR Science Coordination Office, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA"}]},{"given":"Amanda M.","family":"Markert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Center, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA"},{"name":"SERVIR Science Coordination Office, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Center, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA"},{"name":"SERVIR Science Coordination Office, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Nauman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERVIR Science Coordination Office, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA"},{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Earth Science, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA"}]},{"given":"Arjen","family":"Haag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deltares, Boussinesqweg 1, 2629 HV Delft, The Netherland"}]},{"given":"Ate","family":"Poortinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Informatics Group, LLC, 2529 Yolanda Ct., Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA"},{"name":"SERVIR-Mekong, SM Tower, 24th Floor, 979\/69 Paholyothin Road, Samsen Nai Phayathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6169-8236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biplov","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Informatics Group, LLC, 2529 Yolanda Ct., Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2082-3605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nyein Soe","family":"Thwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERVIR-Mekong, SM Tower, 24th Floor, 979\/69 Paholyothin Road, Samsen Nai Phayathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, SM Tower, 24th Floor, 979\/69 Paholyothin Road, Samsen Nai Phayathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Thannarot","family":"Kunlamai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERVIR-Mekong, SM Tower, 24th Floor, 979\/69 Paholyothin Road, Samsen Nai Phayathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, SM Tower, 24th Floor, 979\/69 Paholyothin Road, Samsen Nai Phayathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6392-6084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farrukh","family":"Chishtie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Informatics Group, LLC, 2529 Yolanda Ct., Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA"},{"name":"SERVIR-Mekong, SM Tower, 24th Floor, 979\/69 Paholyothin Road, Samsen Nai Phayathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Martijn","family":"Kwant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deltares, Boussinesqweg 1, 2629 HV Delft, The Netherland"}]},{"given":"Kittiphong","family":"Phongsapan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERVIR-Mekong, SM Tower, 24th Floor, 979\/69 Paholyothin Road, Samsen Nai Phayathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, SM Tower, 24th Floor, 979\/69 Paholyothin Road, Samsen Nai Phayathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Clinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Google, Inc., 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA"}]},{"given":"Peeranan","family":"Towashiraporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERVIR-Mekong, SM Tower, 24th Floor, 979\/69 Paholyothin Road, Samsen Nai Phayathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, SM Tower, 24th Floor, 979\/69 Paholyothin Road, Samsen Nai Phayathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9999-1219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Saah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Informatics Group, LLC, 2529 Yolanda Ct., Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA"},{"name":"SERVIR-Mekong, SM Tower, 24th Floor, 979\/69 Paholyothin Road, Samsen Nai Phayathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Geospatial Analysis Lab, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton St., San Francisco, CA 94117, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ali, M., and Clausi, D. 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