{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T19:14:07Z","timestamp":1789672447642,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F32 ES026477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F32 ES026477"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 ES017885"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 ES017885"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR002240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR002240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban tree identification is often limited by the accessibility of remote sensing imagery but has not yet been attempted with the multi-temporal commercial aerial photography that is now widely available. In this study, trees in Detroit, Michigan, USA are identified using eight high resolution red, green, and blue (RGB) aerial images from a commercial vendor and publicly available LiDAR data. Classifications based on these data were compared with classifications based on World View 2 satellite imagery, which is commonly used for this task but also more expensive. An object-based classification approach was used whereby tree canopies were segmented using LiDAR, and a street tree database was used for generating training and testing datasets. Overall accuracy using multi-temporal aerial images and LiDAR was 70%, which was higher than the accuracy achieved with World View 2 imagery and LiDAR (63%). When all data were used, classification accuracy increased to 74%. Taxa identified with high accuracy included Acer platanoides and Gleditsia, and taxa that were identified with good accuracy included Acer, Platanus, Quercus, and Tilia. Our results show that this large catalogue of multi-temporal aerial images can be leveraged for urban tree identification. While classification accuracy rates vary between taxa, the approach demonstrated can have practical value for socially or ecologically important taxa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12152475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T06:16:47Z","timestamp":1596435407000},"page":"2475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Improved Classification of Urban Trees Using a Widespread Multi-Temporal Aerial Image Dataset"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5269-3599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel S. W.","family":"Katz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart A.","family":"Batterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon J.","family":"Brines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2012.06.006","article-title":"A systematic quantitative review of urban tree benefits, costs, and assessment methods across cities in different climatic zones","volume":"11","author":"Roy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urban For. 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