{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T12:42:26Z","timestamp":1770381746970,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,2]],"date-time":"2020-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education","award":["Q20194501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20194501"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41704030; 41974019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41704030; 41974019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vertical deformations caused by non-tidal mass variations still remain in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) height time series, and can be computed from both Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and geophysical models. In this study, we provide a thorough evaluation of the relationships between these different techniques in the global scale by comparing non-tidal vertical deformations from IGS second reprocessing campaign (IG2), GRACE and Global Geophysical Fluid Center (GGFC) solutions, and investigate the noise properties of the GNSS corrected by GRACE solutions and GNSS corrected by GGFC solutions for global stations using optimal noise models. Our results demonstrate that the consistency between seasonal vertical deformations derived from GNSS, GRACE and GGFC is high. When correcting GNSS deformations with GRACE and GGFC solutions, 81% and 73% of the 186 stations have the weight root mean square (WRMS) reduction, respectively. The WRMS variations averaged over all stations are \u221212.3% and \u22125.6%, respectively for GNSS corrected by GRACE and GNSS corrected by GGFC solutions. The obvious difference occurs in the GNSS corrected by GGFC solutions WRMS increase, with the mean increase value up to 29%, mainly happening to stations located on islands or small peninsulas. In addition, noise properties of the GNSS corrected by GRACE solutions and GNSS corrected by GGFC solutions for global stations are investigated using optimal noise models. After correcting non-tidal loading effects, the solutions of GNSS corrected by GRACE solutions have the lowest noise level, and can occupy 5% of the noise behavior presenting in global stations, while the solutions of GNSS corrected by GGFC solutions can bring more than 5% of the noise into global stations, implying that GRACE correction solutions can present more favorable results when interpreting GNSS non-tidal loading deformations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12152477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T06:16:47Z","timestamp":1596435407000},"page":"2477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Non-Tidal Mass Variations in the IGS Second Reprocessing Campaign: Interpretations and Noise Analysis from GRACE and Geophysical Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Liansheng","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Ailong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0068-0141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qusen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6109","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JB013098","article-title":"ITRF2014: A new release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame modeling nonlinear station motions","volume":"121","author":"Altamimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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