{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T17:39:19Z","timestamp":1777484359375,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]],"date-time":"2020-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program","award":["Grant KMI2018-05210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant KMI2018-05210"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Korea Meteorological Administration successfully launched Korea\u2019s next-generation meteorological satellite, Geo-KOMPSAT-2A (GK-2A), on 5 December 2018. It belongs to the new generation of GEO (Geostationary Elevation Orbit) satellite which offers capabilities to disseminate high spatial- (0.5\u20132 km) and high temporal-resolution (10 min) observations over a broad area, herein a geographic disk encompassing the Asia\u2013Oceania region. The targeted objective is to enhance our understanding of climate change, owing to a bulk of coherent observations. For such, we developed an algorithm to map the land surface albedo (LSA), which is a major Essential Climate Variable (ECV). The retrieval algorithm devoted to GK-2A\/Advanced Meteorological Imager (AMI) data considered Japan\u2019s Himawari-8\/Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) data for prototyping, as this latter owns similar specifications to AMI. Our proposed algorithm is decomposed in three major steps: atmospheric correction, bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) modeling and angular integration, and narrow-to-broadband conversion. To perform BRDF modeling, the optimization method using normalized reflectance was applied, which improved the quality of BRDF modeling results, particularly when the number of observations was less than 15. A quality assessment was performed to compare our results to those of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LSA products and ground measurement from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sites, Australian and New Zealand flux tower network (OzFlux) site and the Korea Flux Network (KoFlux) site from throughout 2017. Our results show dependable spatial and temporal consistency with MODIS broadband LSA data, and rapid changes in LSA due to snowfall and snow melting were well expressed in the temporal profile of our results. Our outcomes also show good agreement with the ground measurements from AERONET, OzFlux and KoFlux ground-based network with root mean square errors (RMSE) of 0.0223 and 0.0306, respectively, which is close to the accuracy of MODIS broadband LSA. Moreover, our results reveal still more reliable LSA products even when clouds are frequently present, such as during the summer monsoon season. It shows that our results are useful for continuous LSA monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12152500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]],"date-time":"2020-08-04T10:45:17Z","timestamp":1596537917000},"page":"2500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Development of Land Surface Albedo Algorithm for the GK-2A\/AMI Instrument"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7639-5729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyeong-Sang","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Earth Environmental System Science (Major of Spatial Information System Engineering), Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung-Rae","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Meteorological Satellite Center, 64-18, Guam-gil, Gwanghyewon-myeon, Jincheon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 27803, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4049-5779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changsuk","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Satellite Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8413-6930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minji","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Earth Environmental System Science (Major of Spatial Information System Engineering), Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sungwon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Earth Environmental System Science (Major of Spatial Information System Engineering), Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noh-Hun","family":"Seong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Earth Environmental System Science (Major of Spatial Information System Engineering), Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5449-8252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donghyun","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Earth Environmental System Science (Major of Spatial Information System Engineering), Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minseok","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Agro-Meteorology, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2321-731X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Min","family":"Yeom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Aerospace Research Institute, 169-84 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34133, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Louis","family":"Roujean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsph\u00e8re (CESBIO)\u2014CNES, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Universit\u00e9 Paul Sabatier, 31401 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daeseong","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Earth Environmental System Science (Major of Spatial Information System Engineering), Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suyoung","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Earth Environmental System Science (Major of Spatial Information System Engineering), Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5031-0256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung-Soo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Earth Environmental System Science (Major of Spatial Information System Engineering), Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00101-3","article-title":"Land surface albedo retrieval via kernel-based BRDF modeling: II. 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