{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T05:34:36Z","timestamp":1768887276220,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]],"date-time":"2020-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Meteorological Administration Special Public Welfare Research Fund","award":["GYHY201506002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GYHY201506002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1506601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1506601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Innovation Project for Meteorological Science and Technology","award":["CMAGGTD003-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMAGGTD003-5"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The MicroWave Humidity Sounder 2 (MWHS-2) onboard the FY-3C satellite provides an extra important data source for atmospheric water vapor monitoring besides the Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) and the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS). This paper introduces MWHS-2 radiance data into the community Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) global analysis system. More than one-year cycling assimilation experiments with and without MWHS-2 data are performed. Results show that MWHS-2 has similar data quality to MHS and ATMS. The biases of MWHS-2 are stable except some sudden jumps that can be removed nicely by the variational bias correction scheme within GSI. Assimilating MWHS-2 makes the 6-h forecasts fit more closely to radiosonde observations, with a reduction of 0.55\u20131% for the observation-minus-simulation standard deviation of specific humidity. The 500 hPa geopotential height anomaly correlation scores are increased by around 0.006 for the 144-h forecast, indicating that assimilating MWHS-2 may also help to improve 3\u20138-day forecasts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12162511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]],"date-time":"2020-08-05T06:02:21Z","timestamp":1596607341000},"page":"2511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Evaluation of Assimilating FY-3C MWHS-2 Radiances Using the GSI Global Analysis System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lipeng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"National Meteorological Information Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunxiang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geographic Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"National Meteorological Information Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Meteorological Information Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Meteorology Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Meteorological Information Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4164","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-14-00101.1","article-title":"Impact of infrared, microwave, and radio occultation satellite observations on operational numerical weather prediction","volume":"142","author":"Cucurull","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2016.1207260","article-title":"A new generation of Chinese FY-3C microwave sounding measurements and the initial assessments of its observations","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.834","article-title":"An evaluation of FY-3A satellite data for numerical weather prediction","volume":"137","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF-D-15-0025.1","article-title":"Assessment of FY-3A and FY-3B MWHS observations","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Lawrence, H., Carminati, F., Bell, W., Bormann, N., Newman, S., Atkinson, N., Geer, A.J., Migliorini, S., Lu, Q., and Chen, K. (2017). An evaluation of FY-3C MWRI and Assessment of the Long-Term Quality of FY- 3C MWHS-2 at ECMWF and the Met Office, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Techical Memorandum No. 798."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3333","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2798292","article-title":"Evaluation and assimilation of the microwave sounder MWHS-2 onboard FY-3C in the ECMWF numerical weather prediction system","volume":"56","author":"Lawrence","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-018-7266-8","article-title":"Assessment and assimilation of FY-3 humidity sounders and imager in the UK Met Office global model","volume":"35","author":"Carminati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1002\/2016MS000674","article-title":"Assimilation of MWHS radiance data from the FY-3B satellite with the WRF Hybrid-3DVAR system for the forecasting of binary typhoons","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Hor\u00e1nyi, A., Mu\u00f1oz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., and Schepers, D. (2020). The ERA5 global reanalysis. Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc., 1\u201351.","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3803"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Liu, Z.Q., Shi, C.X., Zhou, Z.J., Jiang, L.P., Liang, X., Zhang, T., Liao, J., Liu, J.W., Wang, M.Y., and Yao, S. (2017, January 13\u201317). CMA global reanalysis (CRA-40): Status and plans. Proceedings of the Proc. 5th International Conference on Reanalysis, Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2250981","article-title":"Absolute calibration of ATMS upper level temperature sounding channels using GPS RO observations","volume":"52","author":"Zou","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2324173","article-title":"Advanced microwave atmospheric sounder (AMAS) channel specifications and T\/V calibration results on FY-3C satellite","volume":"53","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020325","article-title":"Evaluation and assimilation of ATMS data in the ECMWF system","volume":"118","author":"Bormann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1861","article-title":"Extended assimilation and forecast experiments with a four-dimensional variational assimilation system","volume":"124","author":"Rabier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.619","article-title":"A note on the analysis error associated with 3D-FGAT","volume":"136","author":"Lawless","year":"2010","journal-title":"Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1989)117<2437:AVCAT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A variational continuous assimilation technique","volume":"117","author":"Derber","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1175\/2008MWR2623.1","article-title":"Improving incremental balance in the GSI 3DVAR analysis system","volume":"137","author":"Kleist","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"33","article-title":"JCSDA Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM)\u2014Version 1, NOAA","volume":"122","author":"Han","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tech. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3459","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3808.1","article-title":"Advanced doubling-adding method for radiative transfer in planetary atmosphere","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"31","article-title":"The derivation of the sigma pressure hybrid coordinates semi-Lagrangian model equations for the GFS","volume":"462","author":"Sela","year":"2010","journal-title":"NCEP Off. Note 462"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2960","article-title":"Impacts from assimilation of one data stream of AMSU-A and MHS radiances on quantitative precipitation forecasts","volume":"143","author":"Zou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2233","article-title":"Enhanced radiance bias correction in the national centers for environmental prediction\u2019s gridpoint statistical interpolation data assimilation system","volume":"140","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.112","article-title":"Analysis and forecast impact of the main humidity observing systems","volume":"133","author":"Andersson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/16\/2511\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:54:29Z","timestamp":1760176469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/16\/2511"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12162511"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12162511","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]}}}