{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T18:09:39Z","timestamp":1772302179573,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"undefined  &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray;font-size:10px;&quot;&gt;undefined&lt;\/span&gt;","award":["CGL2017-83704-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGL2017-83704-P"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the continuous expansion of the high-speed railway network in China, long-span railway bridges carrying multiple tracks demand reliable and fast testing procedures and techniques. Bridge dynamic behavior analysis is a critical process in ensuring safe operation of structures. In this study, we present some experimental results of the vibration monitoring of a four-track high-speed railway bridge with a metro\u2013track on each side: the Nanjing\u2013Dashengguan high-speed railway bridge (NDHRB). The results were obtained using a terrestrial microwave radar interferometer named IBIS-S. The radar measurements were interpreted with the support of lidar point clouds. The results of the bridge dynamic response under different loading conditions, including high-speed trains, metro and wind were compared with the existing bridge structure health monitoring (SHM) system, underlining the high spatial (0.5 m) and temporal resolutions (50 Hz\u2013200 Hz) of this technique for railway bridge dynamic monitoring. The detailed results can help engineers capturing the maximum train-induced bridge displacement. The bridge was also monitored by the radar from a lateral position with respect to the bridge longitudinal direction. This allowed us to have a more exhaustive description of the bridge dynamic behavior. The different effects induced by the passage of trains through different tracks and directions were distinguished. In addition, the space deformation map of the wide bridge deck under the eccentric load of trains, especially along the lateral direction (30 m), can help evaluating the running stability of high-speed trains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12162594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T09:14:49Z","timestamp":1597223689000},"page":"2594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Ground-Based Radar Interferometry for Monitoring the Dynamic Performance of a Multitrack Steel Truss High-Speed Railway Bridge"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Qihuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, JiangNing District, Nanjing 211100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, JiangNing District, Nanjing 211100, China"},{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Luzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Geomatics Division, 08000 Castelldefels, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8545-5490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Crosetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Geomatics Division, 08000 Castelldefels, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2505-6855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oriol","family":"Monserrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Geomatics Division, 08000 Castelldefels, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, JiangNing District, Nanjing 211100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanwei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of C&amp;PC Structures of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youliang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of C&amp;PC Structures of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Ding, Y., Nagarajaiah, S., and Li, A. (2019). Behavior Analysis and Early Warning of Girder Deflections of a Steel-Truss Arch Railway Bridge under the Effects of Temperature and Trains: Case Study. J. Bridge Eng., 24.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001327"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250562","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/250562","article-title":"Long-Term Structural Health Monitoring System for a High-Speed Railway Bridge Structure","volume":"2015","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Chang, L., and Markine, V. (2018). Structural Health Monitoring of Railway Transition Zones Using Satellite Radar Data. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020413"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.03.016","article-title":"Displacement monitoring and modelling of a high-speed railway bridge using C-band Sentinel-1 data","volume":"128","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Q., Monserrat, O., Crosetto, M., Crippa, B., Wang, Y., Jiang, J., and Ding, Y. (2018). Displacement Monitoring and Health Evaluation of Two Bridges Using Sentinel-1 SAR Images. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111714"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Cosser, E., Roberts, G.W., Meng, X., and Dodson, A.H. (2003, January 25\u201328). Measuring the dynamic deformation of bridges using a total station. Proceedings of the 11th FIG Symposium on Deformation Measurements, Santorini, Greece."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Tomizuka, M., Yun, C.B., Giurgiutiu, V., and Lynch, J.P. (2011, January 7\u201310). Wireless monitoring of the longitudinal displacement of the Tamar Suspension Bridge deck under changing environmental conditions. Proceedings of the SPIE\u2014The International Society for Optical Engineering, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-003-0357-y","article-title":"Impact of GPS satellite and pseudolite geometry on structural deformation monitoring: Analytical and empirical studies","volume":"77","author":"Meng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1007\/s13296-016-0068-x","article-title":"Assessment of vibration serviceability for steel cable-stayed bridges using GNSS data","volume":"16","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Steel Struct."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2015.05.010","article-title":"Dynamic measurement of high-frequency deflections of the vertical based on the observation of INS\/GNSS integration attitude error","volume":"119","author":"Dai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2014.04.051","article-title":"Non-contact measurement of the dynamic displacement of railway bridges using an advanced video-based system","volume":"75","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2004.06.012","article-title":"Comparison of laser Doppler vibrometer with contact sensors for monitoring bridge deflection and vibration","volume":"38","author":"Nassif","year":"2005","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10921-016-0372-6","article-title":"Parametric Study of the Errors Obtained from the Measurement of the Oscillating Movement of a Bridge Using Image Processing","volume":"35","author":"Ferrer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nondestruct. Eval."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1006\/mssp.1998.1216","article-title":"Microwave interferometers for non-contact vibration measurements on large structures","volume":"13","author":"Farrar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.04.001","article-title":"A review of ground-based SAR interferometry for deformation measurement","volume":"93","author":"Monserrat","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL062442","article-title":"Continuous monitoring of snowpack displacement at high spatial and temporal resolution with terrestrial radar interferometry","volume":"42","author":"Caduff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/786961","article-title":"Monitoring of Civil Infrastructures by Interferometric Radar: A Review","volume":"2013","author":"Pieraccini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1080\/15732470903068557","article-title":"An interferometric radar for non-contact measurement of deflections on civil engineering structures: Laboratory and full-scale tests","volume":"6","author":"Gentile","year":"2010","journal-title":"Struct. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2166751","article-title":"Topography Mapping with a Portable Real-Aperture Radar Interferometer","volume":"9","author":"Strozzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"41","article-title":"Monitoring of displacements with ground-based microwave interferometer; IBIS-S and IBIS-L","volume":"4","author":"Wendolyn","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2007.02.001","article-title":"In-service testing of wind turbine towers using a microwave sensor","volume":"33","author":"Pieraccini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2014.04.019","article-title":"A radar-based monitoring of the Collserola tower (Barcelona)","volume":"49","author":"Luzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luzi, G., Crosetto, M., and Fern\u00e1ndez, E. (2017). Radar Interferometry for Monitoring the Vibration Characteristics of Buildings and Civil Structures: Recent Case Studies in Spain. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040669"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/09349847.2012.660241","article-title":"The Potential of Coherent Radar to Support the Monitoring of the Health State of Buildings","volume":"23","author":"Luzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Nondestruct. Eval."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2018.02.020","article-title":"Dynamic displacement monitoring of long-span bridges with a microwave radar interferometer","volume":"138","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2009.07.001","article-title":"Detection of vertical bending and torsional movements of a bridge using a coherent radar","volume":"42","author":"Dei","year":"2009","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000395","article-title":"Experimental Study on the Dynamic Impacts of Service Train Loads on a Corrugated Steel Plate Culvert","volume":"18","author":"Beben","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2017.1335905","article-title":"Monitoring Alpine glacier surface deformations with GB-SAR","volume":"8","author":"Dematteis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-17-1713-2017","article-title":"Big data managing in a landslide early warning system: Experience from a ground-based interferometric radar application","volume":"17","author":"Intrieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2013.07.007","article-title":"High resolution displacement monitoring of a slow velocity landslide using ground based radar interferometry","volume":"166","author":"Lowry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036030","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.11.036030","article-title":"Ground-based synthetic aperture radar interferometry for deformation monitoring: A case study at Geheyan Dam, China","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Lollino, G., Giordan, D., Thuro, K., Carranza-Torres, C., Wu, F., Marinos, P., and Delgado, C. (2015). Use of an Advanced SAR Monitoring Technique to Monitor Old Embankment Dams, Springer."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coppi, F., Paolo Ricci, P., and Gentile, C. (2010). A Software Tool for Processing the Displacement Time Series Extracted from Raw Radar Data. AIP Conf. Proc.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3455458"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/TAU.1967.1161901","article-title":"The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms","volume":"15","author":"Welch","year":"1967","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio Electroacoust."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/16\/2594\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:59:41Z","timestamp":1760176781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/16\/2594"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12162594"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12162594","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]}}}