{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T11:13:03Z","timestamp":1785323583071,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 41901248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 41901248"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 41890854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 41890854"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010877","name":"Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. JCY20180507182022554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. JCY20180507182022554"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010877","name":"Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. JCY20170302144323219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. JCY20170302144323219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong\u2013Macau Greater Bay Area (GBA) of China is one of the largest bay areas in the world. However, the spatiotemporal characteristics and driving mechanisms of urban expansions in this region are poorly understood. Here we used the annual remote sensing images, Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques, and geographical detector method to characterize the spatiotemporal patterns of urban expansion in the GBA and investigate their driving factors during 1986\u20132017 on regional and city scales. The results showed that: the GBA experienced an unprecedented urban expansion over the past 32 years. The total urban area expanded from 652.74 km2 to 8137.09 km2 from 1986 to 2017 (approximately 13 times). The annual growth rate during 1986\u20132017 was 8.20% and the annual growth rate from 1986 to 1990 was the highest (16.89%). Guangzhou, Foshan, Dongguan, and Shenzhen experienced the highest urban expansion rate, with the annual increase of urban areas in 51.51, 45.54, 36.76, and 23.26 km2 y\u22121, respectively, during 1986\u20132017. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), income, road length, and population were the most important driving factors of the urban expansions in the GBA. We also found the driving factors of the urban expansions varied with spatial and temporal scales, suggesting the general understanding from the regional level may not reveal detailed urban dynamics. Detailed urban management and planning policies should be made considering the spatial and internal heterogeneity. These findings can enhance the comprehensive understanding of this bay area and help policymakers to promote sustainable development in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12162615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T09:23:44Z","timestamp":1597310624000},"page":"2615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Exploring Annual Urban Expansions in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area: Spatiotemporal Features and Driving Factors in 1986\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area &amp; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics &amp; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3115-2042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth System Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6942-0746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuecao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenchen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area &amp; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics &amp; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiezhu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area &amp; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics &amp; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"School of Architecture &amp; Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4282-4791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangyin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture &amp; Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7724-0385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area &amp; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics &amp; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxiu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture &amp; Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingquan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area &amp; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics &amp; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guofeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area &amp; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics &amp; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations (2018). World Urbanization Prospects, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16083","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1211658109","article-title":"Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools","volume":"109","author":"Seto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seto, K.C., Fragkias, M., G\u00fcneralp, B., and Reilly, M.K. (2011). A Meta-Analysis of Global Urban Land Expansion. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023777"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20666","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704119104","article-title":"The emergence of land change science for global environmental change and sustainability","volume":"104","author":"Turner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5325.494","article-title":"Human Domination of Earth\u2019s Ecosystems","volume":"277","author":"Vitousek","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-100809-125336","article-title":"The New Geography of Contemporary Urbanization and the Environment","volume":"35","author":"Seto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1007\/s11284-006-0048-2","article-title":"Land use change in Asia and the ecological consequences","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.03.293","article-title":"Changes in urban air quality during urbanization in China","volume":"188","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-4120(03)00051-5","article-title":"Urbanization, land use, and water quality in Shanghai: 1947\u20131996","volume":"29","author":"Ren","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcotullio, P.J., Braimoh, A.K., and Onishi, T. (2008). The Impact of Urbanization on Soils. Land Use and Soil Resources, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-6778-5_10"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150195","article-title":"Global Change and the Ecology of Cities","volume":"319","author":"Grimm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2012.11.004","article-title":"Forty years of urban expansion in Beijing: What is the relative importance of physical, socioeconomic, and neighborhood factors?","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2012.10.015","article-title":"The changing urban landscape of the continental United States","volume":"110","author":"Kaza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"19","article-title":"The urbanization and urban development in China after the reform and opening-up","volume":"29","year":"2009","journal-title":"Econ. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"China National Bureau of Statistics (2020, June 15). 2019 China Statistical Yearbook, Available online: http:\/\/www.stats.gov.cn\/tjsj\/ndsj\/201s9\/indexeh.htm."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2012.08.005","article-title":"Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of urban planning implementation effectiveness: Evidence from five urban master plans of Beijing","volume":"108","author":"Long","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2016.1165228","article-title":"Driving forces and their interactions of built-up land expansion based on the geographical detector\u2014a case study of Beijing, China","volume":"30","author":"Ju","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00078-6","article-title":"A scale-adjusted measure of \u201cUrban sprawl\u201d using nighttime satellite imagery","volume":"86","author":"Sutton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2009.05.001","article-title":"Spatio-temporal dynamics and evolution of land use change and landscape pattern in response to rapid urbanization","volume":"92","author":"Deng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.10.025","article-title":"Urban growth of the Washington, D.C.\u2013Baltimore, MD metropolitan region from 1984 to 2010 by annual, Landsat-based estimates of impervious cover","volume":"129","author":"Sexton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.10.010","article-title":"A comparative study of urban expansion in Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang over the past three decades","volume":"134","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.06.011","article-title":"A pattern-based definition of urban context using remote sensing and GIS","volume":"183","author":"Benza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2009.07.002","article-title":"Investigating spatiotemporal patterns of landscape diversity in response to urbanization","volume":"93","author":"Yeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2009.10.006","article-title":"Landscape effects of environmental impact on bay-area wetlands under rapid urban expansion and development policy: A case study of Lianyungang, China","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C., Li, Q., Zhao, T., Liu, H., Gao, W., Shi, T., Guan, M., and Wu, G. (2019). Detecting Spatiotemporal Features and Rationalities of Urban Expansions within the Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong\u2013Macau Greater Bay Area of China from 1987 to 2017 Using Time-Series Landsat Images and Socioeconomic Data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11192215"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106373","article-title":"Rapid urbanization and policy variation greatly drive ecological quality evolution in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area of China: A remote sensing perspective","volume":"115","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, F., Zhao, Y., Muhammad, R., Liu, X., and Chen, M. (2020). Impervious Surface Expansion: A Key Indicator for Environment and Urban Agglomeration\u2014A Case Study of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area by Using Landsat Data. J. Sens., 2020.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3896589"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2012.08.008","article-title":"Multi-level modeling of urban expansion and cultivated land conversion for urban hotspot counties in China","volume":"108","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2013.04.008","article-title":"Landscape pattern and ecosystem service value changes: Implications for environmental sustainability planning for the rapidly urbanizing summer capital of the Philippines","volume":"116","author":"Estoque","year":"2013","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447-34.6.450","article-title":"Spatio-temporal Patterns and Driving Forces of Urban Land Expansion in China during the Economic Reform Era","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"AMBIO J. Hum. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.2307\/1924193","article-title":"The Economics of Urban Sprawl: Theory and Evidence on the Spatial Sizes of Cities","volume":"65","author":"Brueckner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jue.2005.01.003","article-title":"More evidence on the spatial scale of cities","volume":"58","author":"McGrath","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Urban Econ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-015-0160-2","article-title":"Urban expansion in China and its effect on cultivated land before and after initiating \u201cReform and Open Policy\u201d","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b05198","article-title":"Changing and Differentiated Urban Landscape in China: Spatiotemporal Patterns and Driving Forces","volume":"50","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2018.03.004","article-title":"The varying driving forces of urban expansion in China: Insights from a spatial-temporal analysis","volume":"174","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2011.11.006","article-title":"Land use dynamics, built-up land expansion patterns, and driving forces analysis of the fast-growing Hangzhou metropolitan area, eastern China (1978\u20132008)","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2012.02.016","article-title":"The dynamics of urban expansion and its impacts on land use\/land cover change and small-scale farmers living near the urban fringe: A case study of Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","volume":"106","author":"Haregeweyn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2011.12.007","article-title":"Scenario based urban growth allocation in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal","volume":"105","author":"Thapa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2004.08.006","article-title":"The impact of interactions in spatial simulation of the dynamics of urban sprawl","volume":"73","author":"Fang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810802443457","article-title":"Geographical Detectors-Based Health Risk Assessment and its Application in the Neural Tube Defects Study of the Heshun Region, China","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"The Central Government of China (2019). The Development Plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2017.12.002","article-title":"Mapping urbanization in the United States from 2001 to 2011","volume":"90","author":"Bounoua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2019.04.024","article-title":"40-Year (1978\u20132017) human settlement changes in China reflected by impervious surfaces from satellite remote sensing","volume":"64","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.055","article-title":"High-resolution multi-temporal mapping of global urban land using Landsat images based on the Google Earth Engine Platform","volume":"209","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"China National Bureau of Statistics (2018). China Statistical Yearbook."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Statistics Bureau of Guangdong Province (2018). Guangdong Province Statistics Year Book."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Statistics and Census Service of Macau (2020, June 15). Macau Yearbook of Statistics, Available online: https:\/\/www.dsec.gov.mo\/Statistic.aspx?lang=en-US&NodeGuid=d45bf8ce-2b35-45d9-ab3a-ed645e8af4bb."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Census and Statistics Department of Hong Kong (2020, July 01). Hong Kong Statistics, Available online: https:\/\/www.censtatd.gov.hk\/hkstat\/."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.154","article-title":"Spatiotemporal evolution of urban agglomerations in four major bay areas of US, China and Japan from 1987 to 2017: Evidence from remote sensing images","volume":"671","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2012.07.018","article-title":"Measuring urban sprawl and its drivers in large Chinese cities: The case of Hangzhou","volume":"31","author":"Yue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2009.09.007","article-title":"Remote sensing monitoring and driving force analysis of urban expansion in Guangzhou City, China","volume":"34","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"China National Bureau of Statistics (2018). China City Statistical Yearbook."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2006.09.001","article-title":"Spatial determinants of urban land use change in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"24","author":"Braimoh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2427.00106","article-title":"Urban restructuring in China\u2019s emerging market economy: Towards a framework for analysis","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Urban Reg. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"116","article-title":"Geodetector: Principle and prospective","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.02.052","article-title":"A measure of spatial stratified heterogeneity","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"635","article-title":"An analysis of driving forces of urban land expansion in China","volume":"23","author":"Tan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Econ. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2013.12.002","article-title":"New dimensions of urban landscapes: The spatio-temporal evolution from a polynuclei area to a mega-region based on remote sensing data","volume":"47","author":"Wiesner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Mu, F., and Zhang, Z. (July, January 30). A comparative study of urban expansion on Hong Kong and Macao special administrative region in the past three decades. Proceedings of the 2008 International Workshop on Earth Observation and Remote Sensing Applications, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2015.07.010","article-title":"Implications for sustainable land use in high-density cities: Evidence from Hong Kong","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-013-0840-9","article-title":"Urbanization, urban land expansion and environmental change in China","volume":"28","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"China Ministry of Environmental Protection (2019). China Statistical Yearbook on Environment."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"The Central Government of China (2020, July 01). Guangdong Invested 8.4 Billion Yuan to Ensure the Safety of Drinking Water Sources, Available online: http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/xinwen\/2019-01\/21\/content_5359651.htm."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/16\/2615\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:00:25Z","timestamp":1760176825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/16\/2615"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12162615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12162615","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]]}}}