{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T04:15:44Z","timestamp":1783224944163,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 272195, 307362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 272195, 307362"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Strategic Research Council of the Academy of Finland","award":["No. 293389, 314312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 293389, 314312"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The automated 3D modeling of indoor spaces is a rapidly advancing field, in which recent developments have made the modeling process more accessible to consumers by lowering the cost of instruments and offering a highly automated service for 3D model creation. We compared the performance of three low-cost sensor systems; one RGB-D camera, one low-end terrestrial laser scanner (TLS), and one panoramic camera, using a cloud-based processing service to automatically create mesh models and point clouds, evaluating the accuracy of the results against a reference point cloud from a higher-end TLS. While adequately accurate results could be obtained with all three sensor systems, the TLS performed the best both in terms of reconstructing the overall room geometry and smaller details, with the panoramic camera clearly trailing the other systems and the RGB-D offering a middle ground in terms of both cost and quality. The results demonstrate the attractiveness of fully automatic cloud-based indoor 3D modeling for low-cost sensor systems, with the latter providing better model accuracy and completeness, and with all systems offering a rapid rate of data acquisition through an easy-to-use interface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12162624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T08:28:35Z","timestamp":1597393715000},"page":"2624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Comparison of Low-Cost Sensor Systems in Automatic Cloud-Based Indoor 3D Modeling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Matias","family":"Ingman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Built Environment, School of Engineering, Aalto University, P. O. Box 14100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0281-9717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juho-Pekka","family":"Virtanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Built Environment, School of Engineering, Aalto University, P. O. Box 14100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, Geodeetinrinne 2, FI-02430 Masala, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9907-0516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matti T.","family":"Vaaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Built Environment, School of Engineering, Aalto University, P. O. Box 14100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannu","family":"Hyypp\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Built Environment, School of Engineering, Aalto University, P. O. Box 14100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, Geodeetinrinne 2, FI-02430 Masala, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adan, A., and Huber, D. (2011, January 16\u201319). 3D reconstruction of interior wall surfaces under occlusion and clutter. 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