{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:36:31Z","timestamp":1762508191361,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"J. Gust. Richert Stiftelse foundation","award":["2019-00485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-00485"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Among different sets of constraints and hazards that have to be considered in the management of cities and land use, land surface subsidence is one of the important issues that can lead to many problems, and its economic consequences cannot be ignored. In this study, the ground surface deformation of G\u00e4vle city in Sweden is investigated using the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) technique as well as analyzing the historical leveling data. The PSI technique is used to map the location of hazard zones and their ongoing subsidence rate. Two ascending and descending Sentinel-1 datasets, collected between January 2015 and May 2020, covering the G\u00e4vle city, were processed and analyzed. In addition, a long record of a leveling dataset, covering the period from 1974 to 2019, was used to detect the rate of subsidence in some locations which were not reported before. Our PSI analysis reveals that the center of G\u00e4vle is relatively stable with minor deformation ranged between \u22122 \u00b1 0.5 mm\/yr to +2 \u00b1 0.5 mm\/yr in vertical and east\u2013west components. However, the land surface toward the northeast of the city is relatively subsiding with a higher annual rate of up to \u22126 \u00b1 0.46 mm\/yr. The comparison at sparse locations shows a close agreement between the subsidence rates obtained from precise leveling and PSI results. The regional quaternary deposits map was overlaid with PSI results and it shows the subsidence areas are mostly located in zones where the subsurface layer is marked by artificial fill materials. The knowledge of the spatio-temporal extents of land surface subsidence for undergoing urban areas can help to develop and establish models to mitigate hazards associated with such land settlement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12162629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T08:28:35Z","timestamp":1597393715000},"page":"2629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Localized Subsidence Zones in G\u00e4vle City Detected by Sentinel-1 PSI and Leveling Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nureldin A. A.","family":"Gido","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geodesy and Satellite Positioning, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, University of G\u00e4vle, SE-80176 G\u00e4vle, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0910-0596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Bagherbandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geodesy and Satellite Positioning, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, University of G\u00e4vle, SE-80176 G\u00e4vle, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1744-7004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faramarz","family":"Nilfouroushan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, University of G\u00e4vle, SE-80176 G\u00e4vle, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Geodetic Infrastructure, Geodata Division, Lantm\u00e4teriet, SE-80182 G\u00e4vle, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016756800023311","article-title":"National Research Council. 1991. 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