{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T01:28:15Z","timestamp":1780363695627,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]],"date-time":"2020-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest (BF), a unique ecosystem of historical significance in central Europe, has a long history of assumed human settlement, with at least 200 known archaeological sites (until 2016). This study uncovers new evidence of the cultural heritage of this unique forest area using Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) technology combined with traditional archaeological field assessment methods to verify the ALS data interpretations and to provide additional evidence about the function and origin of the newly detected archaeological sites. The results of this study include (1) a scientific approach for an improved identification of archaeological resources in forest areas; (2) new evidence about the history of the human use of the BF based on ALS data, covering the entire Polish part of the BF; and (3) an improved remote sensing infrastructure, supporting existing GIS (Geographic Information System) systems for the BF, a famous UNESCO Heritage site. Our study identified numerous locations with evidence of past human agricultural activities known in the literature as \u201cfield systems\u201d, \u201clynchets\u201d and \u201cCeltic fields\u201d. The initial identification included more than 300 km of possible field boundaries and plough headlands, many of which we have verified on the ground. Various past human activities creating those boundaries have existed since the (pre-) Roman Period up to the 13th century AD. The results of this study demonstrate that past human activities in the Polish part of the Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest had been more prevalent than previously believed. As a practical result of the described activities, a geodatabase was created; this has practical applications for the system of monument protection in Poland, as well as for local communities and the BF\u2019s management and conservation. The more widely achieved results are in line with the implementation of the concept of a cultural heritage inventory in forested and protected areas\u2014the actions taken specify (built globally) the forms of protection and management of cultural and environmental goods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12162657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]],"date-time":"2020-08-18T11:15:27Z","timestamp":1597749327000},"page":"2657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["ALS-Based Detection of Past Human Activities in the Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest\u2014New Evidence of Unknown Remains of Past Agricultural Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9556-0144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Stere\u0144czak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, S\u0119kocin Stary, 3 Braci Le\u015bnej St., 05090 Raszyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Zap\u0142ata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exact Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Cardinal Wyszy\u0144ski University in Warsaw, W\u00f3ycickiego Str.1\/3, Building 21, 01938 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"W\u00f3jcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, S\u0119kocin Stary, 3 Braci Le\u015bnej St., 05090 Raszyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6161-7619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart\u0142omiej","family":"Kraszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, S\u0119kocin Stary, 3 Braci Le\u015bnej St., 05090 Raszyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi\u0142osz","family":"Mielcarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, S\u0119kocin Stary, 3 Braci Le\u015bnej St., 05090 Raszyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Mitelsztedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, S\u0119kocin Stary, 3 Braci Le\u015bnej St., 05090 Raszyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8743-1900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Bia\u0142czak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, S\u0119kocin Stary, 3 Braci Le\u015bnej St., 05090 Raszyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3198-0294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Krok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, S\u0119kocin Stary, 3 Braci Le\u015bnej St., 05090 Raszyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9815-9746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Kuberski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Forests, Forest Research Institute, Bia\u0142owie\u017ca, 6 Park Dyrekcyjny St., 17230 Bia\u0142owie\u017ca, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Markiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, S\u0119kocin Stary, 3 Braci Le\u015bnej St., 05090 Raszyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5572-6181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneta","family":"Modzelewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, S\u0119kocin Stary, 3 Braci Le\u015bnej St., 05090 Raszyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7834-0732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Parkitna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, S\u0119kocin Stary, 3 Braci Le\u015bnej St., 05090 Raszyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u017baneta","family":"Piasecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, S\u0119kocin Stary, 3 Braci Le\u015bnej St., 05090 Raszyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Pilch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Forests, Forest Research Institute, Bia\u0142owie\u017ca, 6 Park Dyrekcyjny St., 17230 Bia\u0142owie\u017ca, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Rzeczycki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Forests, Forest Research Institute, Bia\u0142owie\u017ca, 6 Park Dyrekcyjny St., 17230 Bia\u0142owie\u017ca, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Sadkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, S\u0119kocin Stary, 3 Braci Le\u015bnej St., 05090 Raszyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martyna","family":"Wietecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, S\u0119kocin Stary, 3 Braci Le\u015bnej St., 05090 Raszyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Rysiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, S\u0119kocin Stary, 3 Braci Le\u015bnej St., 05090 Raszyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3641-0397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"von Gadow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forestry and Wood Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa"},{"name":"Faculty of Forestry and Forest Ecology, University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37073 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris J.","family":"Cieszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E Green Street, Athens, GA 30602-2152, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiedukowicz, A., G\u0142a\u017cewski, A., Ko\u0142odziej, A., Koszewski, K., Kowalski, P., Olszewski, R., and W\u0142ochy\u0144ski, L. 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