{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T09:20:06Z","timestamp":1774344006763,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The tropical savanna in Brazil known as the Cerrado covers circa 23% of the Brazilian territory, but only 3% of this area is protected. High rates of deforestation and degradation in the woodland and forest areas have made the Cerrado the second-largest source of carbon emissions in Brazil. However, data on these emissions are highly uncertain because of the spatial and temporal variability of the aboveground biomass (AGB) in this biome. Remote-sensing data combined with local vegetation inventories provide the means to quantify the AGB at large scales. Here, we quantify the spatial distribution of woody AGB in the Rio Vermelho watershed, located in the centre of the Cerrado, at a high spatial resolution of 30 metres, with a random forest (RF) machine-learning approach. We produced the first high-resolution map of the AGB for a region in the Brazilian Cerrado using a combination of vegetation inventory plots, airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data, and multispectral and radar satellite images (Landsat 8 and ALOS-2\/PALSAR-2). A combination of random forest (RF) models and jackknife analyses enabled us to select the best remote-sensing variables to quantify the AGB on a large scale. Overall, the relationship between the ground data from vegetation inventories and remote-sensing variables was strong (R2 = 0.89), with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 7.58 Mg ha\u22121 and a bias of 0.43 Mg ha\u22121.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12172685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T21:37:40Z","timestamp":1597873060000},"page":"2685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Woody Aboveground Biomass Mapping of the Brazilian Savanna with a Multi-Sensor and Machine Learning Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Polyanna da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Bispo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, School of Environment, Education and Development, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4845-4215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"},{"name":"NERC National Centre for Earth Observation, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Zimbres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), Bras\u00edlia 71503-505, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"do Couto de Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Goi\u00e1s State (UEG), Palmeiras de Goi\u00e1s 76190-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3687-4992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cassio","family":"Henrique Giusti Cezare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Goi\u00e1s (UFG), Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Fleming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carbomap Ltd., Edinburgh EH1 1LZ, UK"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Baldacchino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carbomap Ltd., Edinburgh EH1 1LZ, UK"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0768-4209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Rains","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Earth Observation Science, Department of Physics &amp; Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6260-5791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariano","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Geography and Environment, University of Alcal\u00e1, 28801 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7497-3639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Del Bon Esp\u00edrito-Santo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Roitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, University of Bras\u00edlia (UNB) and Brazilian Research Network on Global Climate Change\u2014Rede Clima, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ana Mar\u00eda","family":"Pacheco-Pascagaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"given":"Yaqing","family":"Gou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5866-7658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"given":"Laerte Guimaraes","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Goi\u00e1s (UFG), Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Julia Zanin","family":"Shimbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), Bras\u00edlia 71503-505, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5605-7469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ane","family":"Alencar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), Bras\u00edlia 71503-505, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1008-452X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mercedes","family":"Bustamante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, University of Bras\u00edlia (UNB) and Brazilian Research Network on Global Climate Change\u2014Rede Clima, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Iain Hector","family":"Woodhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carbomap Ltd., Edinburgh EH1 1LZ, UK"},{"name":"School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH1 1LZ, UK"}]},{"given":"Edson","family":"Eyji Sano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Cerrados), Bras\u00edlia 70770-901, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4221-1039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean Pierre","family":"Ometto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Center (CCST), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av dos Astronautas 1758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9116-8081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Tansey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9053-4684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heiko","family":"Balzter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"},{"name":"NERC National Centre for Earth Observation, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica (IBGE) (2020, August 18). 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