{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T21:11:28Z","timestamp":1769634688333,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam","award":["B2018-MDA-18DT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B2018-MDA-18DT"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flash flood is one of the most dangerous natural phenomena because of its high magnitudes and sudden occurrence, resulting in huge damages for people and properties. Our work aims to propose a state-of-the-art model for susceptibility mapping of the flash flood using the decision tree random subspace ensemble optimized by hybrid firefly\u2013particle swarm optimization (HFPS), namely the HFPS-RSTree model. In this work, we used data from a flood inventory map consisting of 1866 polygons derived from Sentinel-1 C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data and a field survey conducted in the northwest mountainous area of the Van Ban district, Lao Cai Province in Vietnam. A total of eleven flooding conditioning factors (soil type, geology, rainfall, river density, elevation, slope, aspect, topographic wetness index (TWI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), plant curvature, and profile curvature) were used as explanatory variables. These indicators were compiled from a geological and mineral resources map, soil type map, and topographic map, ALOS PALSAR DEM 30 m, and Landsat-8 imagery. The HFPS-RSTree model was trained and verified using the inventory map and the eleven conditioning variables and then compared with four machine learning algorithms, i.e., the support vector machine (SVM), the random forests (RF), the C4.5 decision trees (C4.5 DT), and the logistic model trees (LMT) models. We employed a range of statistical standard metrics to assess the predictive performance of the proposed model. The results show that the HFPS-RSTree model had the best predictive performance and achieved better results than those of other benchmarks with the ability to predict flash flood, reaching an overall accuracy of over 90%. It can be concluded that the proposed approach provides new insights into flash flood prediction in mountainous regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12172688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T09:35:31Z","timestamp":1597916131000},"page":"2688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["A New Hybrid Firefly\u2013PSO Optimized Random Subspace Tree Intelligence for Torrential Rainfall-Induced Flash Flood Susceptible Mapping"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1812-950X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viet-Ha","family":"Nhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geographic Information Science Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6574-5762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phuong-Thao","family":"Thi Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6422-2847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tien Dat","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agricultural Research and Ecological Studies (CARES), Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5930-199X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Three Gorges Research Center for Geo-Hazards, Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka 1603-1, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4042-7888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SUSTech-UTokyo Joint Research Center on Super Smart City, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nhat-Duc","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6835-0416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dang An","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Water Resources Engineering, Thuyloi University, 175 Tay Son, Dong Da district, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3636-0748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duong Phan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan"},{"name":"Hydraulic Construction Institute\u2014Vietnam Academy for Water Resources, No. 3, Alley 95, Chua Boc Street, Dong Da District, Hanoi 116765, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8037-8625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0130brahim Berkan","family":"Aydilek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Harran University, 63050 \u015eanl\u0131urfa, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahdis","family":"Amiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Watershed &amp; Arid Zone Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences &amp; Natural Resources, Gorgan 49138-15739, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6876-8572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romulus","family":"Costache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, 90-92 Sos. Panduri, 5th District, 050663 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pham Viet","family":"Hoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ho Chi Minh City Institute of Resources Geography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Mac Dinh Chi 1, Ben Nghe, 1 District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5161-6479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dieu","family":"Tien Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIS Group, Department of Business and IT, University of Southeast Norway, Gullbringvegen 36, N-3800 B\u00f8 i Telemark, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3362","article-title":"Prioritizing protection?","volume":"7","author":"Peduzzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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