{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T19:19:25Z","timestamp":1784661565380,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG170226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG170226"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/L002507\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/L002507\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Alfred P. Sloan Foundation via the Deep Carbon Observatory","award":["PRIN2017-2017LMNLAW"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN2017-2017LMNLAW"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Here, we present the first ultraviolet (UV) camera measurements of sulphur dioxide (SO2) flux from Yasur volcano, Vanuatu, for the period 6\u20139 July 2018. These data yield the first direct gas-measurement-derived calculations of explosion gas masses at Yasur. Yasur typically exhibits persistent passive gas release interspersed with frequent Strombolian explosions. We used compact forms of the \u201cPiCam\u201d Raspberry Pi UV camera system powered through solar panels to collect images. Our daily median SO2 fluxes ranged from 4 to 5.1 kg s\u22121, with a measurement uncertainty of \u221212.2% to +14.7%, including errors from the gas cell calibration drift, uncertainties in plume direction and distance, and errors from the plume velocity. This work highlights the use of particle image velocimetry (PIV) for plume velocity determination, which was preferred over the typically used cross-correlation and optical flow methods because of the ability to function over a variety of plume conditions. We calculated SO2 masses for Strombolian explosions ranging 8\u201381 kg (mean of 32 kg), which to our knowledge is the first budget of explosive gas masses from this target. Through the use of a simple statistical measure using the moving minimum, we estimated that passive degassing is the dominant mode of gas emission at Yasur, supplying an average of ~69% of the total gas released. Our work further highlights the utility of UV camera measurements in volcanology, and particularly the benefit of the multiple camera approach in error characterisation. This work also adds to our inventory of gas-based data, which can be used to characterise the spectrum of Strombolian activity across the globe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12172703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T21:13:42Z","timestamp":1597958022000},"page":"2703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Ultraviolet Camera Measurements of Passive and Explosive (Strombolian) Sulphur Dioxide Emissions at Yasur Volcano, Vanuatu"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6535-1117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tehnuka","family":"Ilanko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Winter Street, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6028-308X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom D","family":"Pering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Winter Street, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3448-6067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas Charles","family":"Wilkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Winter Street, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7973-803X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Woitischek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK"},{"name":"BP Institute, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 E0EZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9211-6398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"D\u2019Aleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INGV, Sezione di Palermo, Via Ugo la Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0254-6539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Aiuppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DiSTeM, Universit\u00e0 di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 22, 90123 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0234-9981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J S","family":"McGonigle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Winter Street, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"},{"name":"School of Geosciences, the University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Edmonds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esline","family":"Garaebiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards Division, Vanuatu Meteorology and Geo-hazards Department, Lini Highway, Port Vila, Vanuatu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkes, T., McGonigle, A., Pering, T., Taggart, A., White, B., Bryant, R., Willmott, J., Wilkes, T.C., McGonigle, A.J.S., and Pering, T.D. 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