{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T12:12:45Z","timestamp":1775477565887,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]],"date-time":"2020-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Southern Italy is characterized by important archaeological sites developed during the pre-roman period. Among these, Paestum and Velia Archaeological Park, located in the Campania region, represents one of the most important and well-preserved sites of the Magna Graecia. During the last year, several unexpected archaeological findings have permitted the supposition of the presence of another undiscovered temple at Paestum, in a not yet investigated area of the site, close to the fortification walls (Western City Walls) of the ancient city and a few meters away from the gate of Porta Marina. To support this amazing hypothesis, the Paestum and Velia Archaeological Park and the National Research Council planned an accurate campaign of geophysical surveys, based on the combined use of Geomagnetic and Ground Penetrating Radar methodologies. The results of the geophysical surveys have effectively supported the detection of the temple, providing detailed information about its location and highlighting the geometry of the basement of the structure with high accuracy. The discovery sheds new light on the archaeological and architectonic history of the site and may represent one of the most relevant archaeological discoveries of the XXI century performed in Italy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12172711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]],"date-time":"2020-08-21T09:21:51Z","timestamp":1598001711000},"page":"2711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Discovery of a Buried Temple in Paestum: The Advantages of the Geophysical Multi-Sensor Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8594-9455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Capozzoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, National Research Council, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, National Research Council, C.da S. Loja-Zona Industriale, 85050 Tito Scalo (PZ), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9031-9992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Catapano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, National Research Council, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"De Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, National Research Council, C.da S. Loja-Zona Industriale, 85050 Tito Scalo (PZ), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Gennarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, National Research Council, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5672-2721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Ludeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, National Research Council, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0716-4318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enzo","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, National Research Council, C.da S. Loja-Zona Industriale, 85050 Tito Scalo (PZ), Italy"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0377-3127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Soldovieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, National Research Council, Via Diocleziano 328, 80124 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Uliano Scelza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paestum and Velia Archaeological Park, Via Magna Grecia, 919, 84047 Capaccio Paestum (SA), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Zuchtriegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paestum and Velia Archaeological Park, Via Magna Grecia, 919, 84047 Capaccio Paestum (SA), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.203","article-title":"The study and characterization of Emperor Traiano\u2019s Villa (Altopiani di Arcinazzo, Roma) using high-resolution integrated geophysical surveys","volume":"10","author":"Piro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0763(199712)4:4<191::AID-ARP86>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"3D-Interpretation of post-processed archaeological magnetic prospection data","volume":"4","author":"Neubauer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campana, S., and Piro, S. (2009). Seeing the Unseen\u2014Geophysics and Landscape Archaeology, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203889558"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-018-9494-y","article-title":"Geophysical Survey and Archaeological Data at Masseria Grasso (Benevento, Italy)","volume":"39","author":"Rizzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.1481","article-title":"First high-resolution GPR and magnetic archaeological prospection at the Viking age settlement of Birka in Sweden","volume":"21","author":"Trinks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Qady, G., and Metwaly, M. (2019). Geophysical Techniques Applied in Archaeology. Archaeogeophysics. Natural Science in Archaeology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78861-6"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-09147-1_36","article-title":"Geomorphological Fragility and Mass Movements of the Archaeological Area of \u201cTorre di Satriano\u201d (Basilicata, Southern Italy)","volume":"8582","author":"Pascale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masini, N., Capozzoli, L., Chen, P., Chen, F., Romano, G., Lu, P., Tang, P., Sileo, M., Ge, Q., and Lasaponara, R. (2017). Towards an operational use of Remote Sensing in Archaeology in Henan (China): Archaeogeophysical investigations, approach and results in Kaifeng. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9080809"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.1751","article-title":"Multiscale techniques for 3D imaging of magnetic data for archaeo-geophysical investigations in the Middle East: The case of Tell Barri (Syria)","volume":"26","author":"Florio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Aspinall, C., Gaffney, A., and Schmidt, A. (2008). Magnetometry for Archaeologists, Altamira Press."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masini, N., and Soldovieri, F. (2017). Geomagnetometry for Archaeology in Sensing the Past, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-50518-3"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3997\/1873-0604.2004025","article-title":"Magnetic, GPR and geoelectrical measurements for studying the archaeological site of \u2018Masseria Nigro\u2019 (Viggiano, southern Italy)","volume":"3","author":"Rizzo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Near Surf. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-018-9502-2","article-title":"Archaeogeophysical based approach for Inca archaeology","volume":"39","author":"Masini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniels, D.J. (2005). Ground Penetrating Radar, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471654507.eme152"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Conyers, L.B. (2004). Ground Penetrating Radar for Archaeology, Altamira Press."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catapano, I., Gennarelli, G., Ludeno, G., Soldovieri, F., and Persico, R. (2019). Ground Penetrating Radar: Operation Principle and Data Processing. Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/047134608X.W8383"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Zuchtriegel, G. (2019). Paestum. Dal Cantiere al Tempio. Guida al sito Archeologico, Arte\u2019m."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Greco, E., and Longo, F. (2000). Paestum. Scavi, Studi, Ricerche. Bilancio di un Decennio (1988\u20131998) (in Italian), Pandemos."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greco, E., and Theodorescu, D. (1994). L\u2019agora de Poseidonia: Une mise au point. Comptes Rendus des S\u00e9ances de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 138e Ann\u00e9e, Periodiques.","DOI":"10.3406\/crai.1994.15349"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s12210-011-0161-1","article-title":"Holocene environmental evolution of the costal sector in front of the Poseidonia-Paestum archaeological area (Sele plain, southern Italy)","volume":"23","author":"Amato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2020, July 23). Parco Archeologico di Paestum e Velia. Available online: https:\/\/www.museopaestum.beniculturali.it\/trovato-un-altro-monumento-dorico-nei-pressi-del-quartiere-artigianale-della-citta\/."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2019.2895121","article-title":"Applying Ground-Penetrating Radar and Microwave Tomography Data Processing in Cultural Heritage","volume":"36","author":"Gennarelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2014.2311271","article-title":"SAR imaging algorithms and some unconventional applications","volume":"31","author":"Solimene","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Persico, R. (2014). Introduction to Ground Penetrating Radar: Inverse Scattering and Data Processing, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118835647"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastorino, M. (2010). Microwave Imaging, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470602492"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2020, July 23). Terrasurveyor User Manual. Available online: http:\/\/dwconsulting.nl\/Download\/TerraSurveyor%20manual%203033.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Gopher, A. (2010). Interpreting magnetic data at Nahal Zehora II. Archaeological Investigations at the Sites of Nahal-Zehora, Emery and Claire Yass Publications."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cozzolino, M., Longo, F., Pizzano, N., Rizzo, M.L., Voza, O., and Amato, V. (2019). A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of the Temple of Athena in Poseidonia-Paestum (Southern Italy): New Geomorphological, Geophysical and Archaeological Data. Geosciences, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences9080324"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conyers, L.B. (2018). Ground-Penetrating Radar and Magnetometry for Buried Landscape Analysis, Springer. Briefs in Geography.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70890-4"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/17\/2711\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:04:53Z","timestamp":1760177093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/17\/2711"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12172711"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12172711","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]]}}}