{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T16:21:00Z","timestamp":1781194860572,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018YFA0605901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0605901"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41676185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41676185"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201806040111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201806040111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007298","name":"NOAA Climate Program Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA15OAR4310163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA15OAR4310163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007298","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The accurate knowledge of variations of melt ponds is important for understanding the Arctic energy budget due to its albedo\u2013transmittance\u2013melt feedback. In this study, we develop and validate a new method for retrieving melt pond fraction (MPF) over Arctic sea ice using all seven spectral bands of MODIS surface reflectance. We construct a robust ensemble-based deep neural network and use in-situ MPF observations collected from multiple sources as the target data to train the network. We examine the potential influence of using sea ice concentration (SIC) from different sources as additional target data (besides MPF) on the MPF retrieval. The results suggest that the inclusion of SIC has a minor impact on MPF retrieval. Based on this, we create a new MPF data from 2000 to 2019 (the longest data in our knowledge). The validation shows that our new MPF data is in good agreement with the observations. We further compare the new MPF dataset with the previously published MPF datasets. It is found that the evolution of the new MPF is similar to previous MPF data throughout the melting season, but the new MPF data is in relatively better agreement with the observations in terms of correlations and root mean squared errors (RMSE), and also has the smallest value in the first half of the melting season.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12172746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T09:24:56Z","timestamp":1598347496000},"page":"2746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Retrieval of Melt Pond Fraction over Arctic Sea Ice during 2000\u20132019 Using an Ensemble-Based Deep Neural Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7275-3082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifan","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Global Change and Earth System Science, and State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China"},{"name":"University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Global Change and Earth System Science, and State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China"},{"name":"University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengming","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Global Change and Earth System Science, and State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China"},{"name":"University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6098-844X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenzhan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microwave Remote Sensing, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengzhe","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22049","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JC900075","article-title":"Melt ponds on sea ice in the Canadian Archipelago: 1. 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