{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T15:49:59Z","timestamp":1784389799739,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Avalanche disasters are extremely destructive and catastrophic, often causing serious casualties, economic losses and surface erosion. However, far too little attention has been paid to utilizing remote sensing mapping avalanches quickly and automatically to mitigate calamity. Such endeavors are limited by formidable natural conditions, human subjective judgement and insufficient understanding of avalanches, so they have been incomplete and inaccurate. This paper presents an objective and widely serviceable method for regional auto-detection using the scattering and interference characteristics of avalanches extracted from Sentinel-1 SLC images. Six indices are established to distinguish avalanches from surrounding undisturbed snow. The active avalanche belts in Kizilkeya and Aktep of the Western TianShan Mountains in China lend urgency to this research. Implementation found that smaller avalanches can be consistently identified more accurately in descending images. Specifically, 281 and 311 avalanches were detected in the ascending and descending of Kizilkeya, respectively. The corresponding numbers on Aktep are 104 and 114, respectively. The resolution area of single avalanche detection can reach 0.09 km2. The performance of the model was excellent in all cases (areas under the curve are 0.831 and 0.940 in descending and ascending of Kizilkeya, respectively; and 0.807 and 0.938 of Aktep, respectively). Overall, the evaluation of statistical indices are POD &gt; 0.75, FAR &lt; 0.34, FOM &lt; 0.13 and TSS &gt; 0.75. The results indicate that the performance of the innovation proposed in this paper, which employs multivariate comprehensive descriptions of avalanche characteristics to actualize regional automatic detection, can be more objective, accurate, applicable and robust to a certain extent. The latest and more complete avalanche inventory generated by this design can effectively assist in addressing the increasingly severe avalanche disasters and improving public awareness of avalanches in alpine areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12172781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T08:05:18Z","timestamp":1598515518000},"page":"2781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Automatic Detection of Regional Snow Avalanches with Scattering and Interference of C-band SAR Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jinming","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengzhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Institute of Arid Ecological Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4573-6284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lanhai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Ili Station for Watershed Ecosystem Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinyuan 835800, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianli","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Institute of Arid Ecological Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Run","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Seventh Detachment of the Special Police, Urumqi Public Security Bureau, Urumqi 830017, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"Ili Station for Watershed Ecosystem Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinyuan 835800, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3410","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1716913115","article-title":"Climate warming enhances snow avalanche risk in the Western Himalayas","volume":"115","author":"Trappmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. 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