{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:13:53Z","timestamp":1760238833093,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8192025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8192025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41771448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41771448"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Projects of Beijing Advanced Innovation Center of Future Urban Design, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture","award":["UDC2019031321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UDC2019031321"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urbanization is a complex process closely involving the economy, society, and population. While monitoring urban development and exploring the industry-driving force in a real-time and effective way are the prerequisites for optimizing industry structure, narrowing the urban development gap, and achieving sustainable development. Nighttime light is an effective tool to monitor urban development from a macro perspective. However, the systematic research of nighttime light spatiotemporal variation modes and the industry-driving force of urban nighttime light are still unknown. Considering these issues, this paper analyzes the spatiotemporal variation modes of the average light index (ALI) and investigates the industry-driving force of ALI in 100 major prefecture-level cities across China mainland based on National Polar-Orbiting Partnership Satellite Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (NPP VIIRS). The conclusions are as following three aspects. First, ALI is observed a funnel pattern among four regions in spatial dimension, with low in center and high in the surrounding, and it shows 5 variation modes (\u201cW,\u201d \u201c\u221a,\u201d \u201cExponent,\u201d \u201cLogarithm,\u201d and \u201cN\u201d) in temporal dimension, of which the \u201c\u221a\u201d mode accounts for the highest proportion (60%). Second, the industry structure is closely related to ALI. Besides, the factor analysis result illustrates that the secondary and tertiary industry are the driving industries of ALI. Third, the classification result based on the industry contribution rate indicates that cities driven by different industries show significant spatial distribution differences. The three major industry-driving cities are mainly distributed in central and western regions, the secondary and tertiary industry-driving cities are evenly distributed, and the tertiary industry-driving cities are mainly distributed in provincial capitals. From 2013 to 2018, the fluctuation of city distribution driven by different industries changes obviously. The number of tertiary industry-driving cities increases steadily and the three major industry-driving cities are distributed wider spatially. Additionally, the impacts of location and raw coal on ALI are discussed. In general, these findings are essential to further research urban development mode and can be considered as the reference to narrow urban development gap.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12172785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T08:05:18Z","timestamp":1598515518000},"page":"2785","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Analyzing Spatiotemporal Variation Modes and Industry-Driving Force Research Using VIIRS Nighttime Light in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xiaoke","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7926-7303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunhao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Remote Sensing and Digital Cities, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kangning","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2015.12.006","article-title":"How does sprawl differ across cities in China? 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