{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T10:03:49Z","timestamp":1767866629524,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4000119910\/17\/I-NB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000119910\/17\/I-NB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sea level change is an important indicator of climate change. Our study focuses on the sea level budget assessment of the Arctic Ocean using: (1) the newly reprocessed satellite altimeter data with major changes in the processing techniques; (2) ocean mass change data derived from GRACE satellite gravimetry; (3) and steric height estimated from gridded hydrographic data for the GRACE\/Argo time period (2003\u20132016). The Beaufort Gyre (BG) and the Nordic Seas (NS) regions exhibit the largest positive trend in sea level during the study period. Halosteric sea level change is found to dominate the area averaged sea level trend of BG, while the trend in NS is found to be influenced by halosteric and ocean mass change effects. Temporal variability of sea level in these two regions reveals a significant shift in the trend pattern centered around 2009\u20132011. Analysis suggests that this shift can be explained by a change in large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns over the Arctic. The sea level budget assessment of the Arctic found a residual trend of more than 1.0 mm\/yr. This nonclosure of the sea level budget is further attributed to the limitations of the three above mentioned datasets in the Arctic region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12172837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T08:53:43Z","timestamp":1598950423000},"page":"2837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Arctic Sea Level Budget Assessment during the GRACE\/Argo Time Period"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Roshin","family":"Raj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center and Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, 5006 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6685-3415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ole","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johnny","family":"Johannessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center and Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, 5006 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0186-3014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Gutknecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Planetare Geod\u00e4sie, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4003-4371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sourav","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Goa 403804, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4902-9093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stine","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0191-1554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Bonaduce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center and Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, 5006 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5797-244X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Horwath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Planetare Geod\u00e4sie, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Ranndal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Research Center, and Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, 5008 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hindumathi","family":"Palanisamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Etudes en G\u00e9ophysique et Oc\u00e9anographie Spatiales, 31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5043-7778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Ludwigsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Bertino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center and Bjerknes Center for Climate Research, 5006 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2516-6106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"\u00d8. Nilsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Research, 5005 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Knudsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6441-4937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Hogg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anny","family":"Cazenave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Etudes en G\u00e9ophysique et Oc\u00e9anographie Spatiales, 31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Benveniste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency (ESA-ESRIN), Galilei, 1 0004 Frascati, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IPCC (2013). Climate Change 2013. The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Horwath, M., Novotny, K., Cazenave, A., Palanisamy, H., Marzeion, B., Paul, F., D\u00f6ll, P., C\u00e1ceres, D., Hogg, A., and Shepherd, A. (2020). ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI) Sea Level Budget Closure (SLBC_cci) Executive Summary Report D4.4, ESA. Version 1.0."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"138","article-title":"Earth\u2019s energy imbalance: An imperative for monitoring","volume":"26","author":"Palmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Church, J., Clark, P., Cazenave, A., Gregory, J., Jevrejeva, S., Levermann, A., Merrifield, M., Milne, G., Nerem, R., and Nunn, P. (2013). Sea level change. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, PM Cambridge University Press. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WCRP Global Sea Level Budget Group (2018). Global sea-level budget 1993\u2013present. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1551\u20131590.","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-10-1551-2018"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"P\u00f6rtner, H.-O. (2019). Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities Chapter 4: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities\u2019, Cambridge University Press. IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3744","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL073308","article-title":"New estimate of the current rate of sea level rise from a sea level budget approach","volume":"44","author":"Dieng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-10-281-2018","article-title":"An improved and homogeneous altimeter sea level record from the ESA Climate Change Initiative","volume":"10","author":"Legeais","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2591-3","article-title":"The causes of sea-level rise since 1900","volume":"584","author":"Frederikse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-121211-172406","article-title":"Causes for contemporary regional sea level changes","volume":"5","author":"Stammer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-016-9390-2","article-title":"Arctic Sea Level During the Satellite Altimetry Era","volume":"38","author":"Carret","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C03042","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JC002007","article-title":"Secular sea level change in the Russian sector of the Arctic Ocean","volume":"109","author":"Proshutinsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4303","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC011579","article-title":"Arctic sea surface height variability and change from satellite radar altimetry and GRACE, 2003\u20132014","volume":"121","author":"Armitage","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P.M. (2013). Observations: Ocean; Climate Change 2013: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L16502","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL052676","article-title":"Trends in Arctic sea ice extent from CMIP5, CMIP3 and observations","volume":"39","author":"Stroeve","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140610","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2014.0160","article-title":"Arctic circulation regimes","volume":"373","author":"Proshutinsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-10-477-2016","article-title":"The darkening of the Greenland ice sheet: Trends, drivers and projections (1981\u20132100)","volume":"10","author":"Tedesco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3188","article-title":"Collapsing Arctic coastlines","volume":"7","author":"Fritz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L03503","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL036205","article-title":"Increase in the rate and uniformity of coastline erosion in Arctic Alaska","volume":"36","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose, S.K., Andersen, O.B., Passaro, M., Ludwigsen, C.A., and Schwatke, C. (2019). Arctic Ocean Sea Level Record from the Complete Radar Altimetry Era: 1991\u20132018. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11141672"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.074","article-title":"ALES+: Adapting a homogenous ocean retracker for satellite altimetry to sea ice leads, coastal and inland waters","volume":"211","author":"Passaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2016.00076","article-title":"Recent Arctic Sea Level Variations from Satellites","volume":"3","author":"Andersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Marine Science"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Johannessen, J., and Andersen, O. (2017). The High Latitudes and Polar Ocean, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Ludwigsen, C.A., and Andersen, O.B. (2019). Contributions to Arctic sea level from 2003 to 2015. Adv. Space Res., in press."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC007172","article-title":"Multimission empirical ocean tide modeling for shallow waters and polar seas","volume":"116","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/01490419.2014.954087","article-title":"An Improved 20-Year Arctic Ocean Altimetric Sea Level Data Record","volume":"38","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/01490419.2012.718222","article-title":"A New Estimation of Mean Sea Level in the Arctic Ocean from Satellite Altimetry","volume":"35","author":"Prandi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L09607","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL019920","article-title":"The gravity recovery and climate experiment: Mission overview and early results","volume":"31","author":"Tapley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2016.1266106","article-title":"Surface velocity estimates of the North Indian Ocean from satellite gravity and altimeter missions","volume":"38","author":"Raj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL088306","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL088306","article-title":"Extending the global mass change data record: GRACE Follow-On instrument and science data performance","volume":"47","author":"Landerer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3189\/2013JoG12J147","article-title":"Antarctica, Greenland and Gulf of Alaska land ice evolution from an iterated GRACE global mascon solution","volume":"59","author":"Luthcke","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9332","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JB017415","article-title":"ITSG-Grace2018: Overview and evaluation of a new GRACE-only gravity field time series","volume":"124","author":"Kvas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B08410","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JB005338","article-title":"Estimating geocenter variations from a combination of GRACE and ocean model output","volume":"113","author":"Swenson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-016-0995-5","article-title":"The unexpected signal in GRACE estimates of C20","volume":"91","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deceleration in the Earth\u2019s oblateness","volume":"V118","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4597","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JB011986","article-title":"The pole tide and its effect on GRACE time-variable gravity measurements: Implications for estimates of surface mass variations","volume":"120","author":"Wahr","year":"2015","journal-title":"JGR Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Flechtner, F., Dobslaw, H., and Fagiolini, E. (2014). AOD1B Product Description Document for Product Release 05, GRACE 327-750 (GR-GFZ-AOD-0001), GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, GFZ. Department 1: Geodesy and Remote Sensing."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggx302","article-title":"A New High-Resolution Model of Non-Tidal Atmosphere and Ocean Mass Variability for De-Aliasing of Satellite Gravity Observations: AOD1B RL06","volume":"211","author":"Dobslaw","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggs030","article-title":"Computations of the viscoelastic response of a 3-D compressible Earth to surface loading: An application to Glacial Isostatic Adjustment in Antarctica and Canada","volume":"192","author":"Geruo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JB011176","article-title":"Space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation: The global ICE-6G_C (VM5a) model: Global Glacial Isostatic Adjustment","volume":"120","author":"Peltier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL076644","article-title":"GIA Model Statistics for GRACE Hydrology, Cryosphere, and Ocean Science","volume":"45","author":"Caron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swenson, S., and Wahr, J. (2006). Post-processing removal of correlated errors in GRACE data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL025285"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4228","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrc.20307","article-title":"Ocean bottom pressure seasonal cycles and decadal trends from GRACE Release-05: Ocean circulation implications","volume":"118","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6704","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JC009067","article-title":"EN4: Quality controlled ocean temperature and salinity profiles and monthly objective analyses with uncertainty estimates","volume":"118","author":"Good","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C12031","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC007311","article-title":"Interannual variability in the hydrography of the Norwegian Atlantic Current: Frontal versus advective response to atmospheric forcing","volume":"116","author":"Richter","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"141","article-title":"The theory of the seasonal variability in the ocean","volume":"20","author":"Gill","year":"1973","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH1946.1","article-title":"Algorithms for density, potential temperature, Conservative Temperature, and the freezing temperature of seawater","volume":"23","author":"Jackett","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3803","article-title":"The ERA5 global reanalysis","volume":"146","author":"Hersbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2009.11.002","article-title":"North Atlantic climate variability: The role of the North Atlantic Oscillation","volume":"79","author":"Hurrell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1029\/98GL00950","article-title":"The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields","volume":"25","author":"Thompson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2014.11.013","article-title":"Arctic freshwater export: Status, mechanisms, and prospects","volume":"125","author":"Haine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2014.10.011","article-title":"The Lofoten Vortex of the Nordic Seas","volume":"96","author":"Raj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Proshutinsky, A., Bourke, R.H., and McLaughlin, F.A. (2002). The role of the Beaufort Gyre in Arctic climate variability: Seasonal to decadal climate scales. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL015847"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.2338","article-title":"Influence of the West Spitsbergen Current on the local climate","volume":"31","author":"Walczowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-006-0118-8","article-title":"The nonlinear association between the Arctic Oscillation and North American winter climate","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3695","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-18-0591.1","article-title":"Recent Warming and Freshening of the Norwegian Sea Observed by Argo Data","volume":"32","author":"Mork","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7933","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012196","article-title":"The Beaufort Gyre intensification and stabilization: A model-observation synthesis","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-19-0234.1","article-title":"Response of Total and Eddy Kinetic Energy to the Recent Spinup of the Beaufort Gyre","volume":"50","author":"Regan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C00A08","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JC005162","article-title":"Preface to special section on Beaufort Gyre climate system exploration studies: Documenting key parameters to understand environmental variability","volume":"114","author":"Proshutinsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10705","article-title":"Changing Arctic Ocean freshwater pathways","volume":"481","author":"Morison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1379","article-title":"Western Arctic Ocean freshwater storage increased by wind-driven spin-up of the Beaufort Gyre","volume":"5","author":"Giles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1085534","article-title":"Ocean freshening, sea level rising","volume":"300","author":"Munk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17717","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54239-2","article-title":"Global ocean freshening, ocean mass increase and global mean sea level rise over 2005\u20132015","volume":"9","author":"Llovel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9383","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-17-0310.1","article-title":"Northern North Atlantic sea level in CMIP5 climate models evaluation of mean state, variability and trends against altimetric observations","volume":"30","author":"Richter","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2000)013<2671:TAORTT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Arctic Ocean Response to the North Atlantic Oscillation","volume":"13","author":"Dickson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.5194\/os-15-1729-2019","article-title":"The Arctic Front and its variability in the Norwegian Sea","volume":"15","author":"Raj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-019-09525-z","article-title":"Concepts and Terminology for Sea Level: Mean, Variability and Change, Both Local and Global","volume":"40","author":"Gregory","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-013-9270-y","article-title":"Toward improved estimation of the dynamic topography and ocean circulation in the high latitude and Arctic Ocean: The importance of GOCE","volume":"35","author":"Johannessen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.04.055","article-title":"Quantifying Atlantic Water transport to the Nordic Seas by remote sensing","volume":"216","author":"Raj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7897","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC011012","article-title":"On the flow of Atlantic water and temperature anomalies in the Nordic Seas toward the Arctic Ocean","volume":"120","author":"Chafik","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chafik, L., Nilsen, J.E.\u00d8., and Dangendorf, S. (2017). Impact of North Atlantic Teleconnection Patterns on Northern European Sea Level. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse5030043"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"C01013","article-title":"Local diagnostics to estimate density-induced sea level variations over topography and along coastlines","volume":"117","author":"Bingham","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50265","article-title":"Impact of self-attraction and loading effects induced by shelf mass loading on projected regional sea level rise","volume":"40","author":"Richter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Raj, R.P., and Johannessen, J.A. (2019). Sea State CCI User Consultation Meeting, Ifremer."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0088-y","article-title":"Under-estimated wave contribution to coastal sea-level rise","volume":"8","author":"Melet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"EGU2016-12065","article-title":"The method of tailored sensitivity kernels for GRACE mass change estimates","volume":"18","author":"Groh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Abstr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC011357","article-title":"Sea surface height and dynamic topography of the ice-covered oceans from CryoSat-2: 2011\u20132014","volume":"121","author":"Kwok","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/269206a0","article-title":"Future sea level changes due to West Antarctic ice sheet fluctuations","volume":"269","author":"Clark","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1038\/35059054","article-title":"Recent mass balance of polar ice sheets inferred from patterns of global sea level change","volume":"409","author":"Mitrovica","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/17\/2837\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:05:38Z","timestamp":1760177138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/17\/2837"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12172837"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12172837","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]}}}