{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T15:31:26Z","timestamp":1779204686016,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research and Development Plan in Key Areas in Guangdong Province","award":["2020B111102000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B111102000"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Program of Sun Yat-Sen University","award":["76170-18841203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["76170-18841203"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Numerical models and remote sensing observation systems such as radars are useful for providing information on surface flows for coastal areas. Evaluation of their performance and extracting synoptic characteristics are challenging and important tasks. This research aims to investigate synoptic characteristics of surface flow fields through undertaking a detailed analysis of model results and high frequency radar (HFR) data using self-organizing map (SOM) and empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. A dataset of surface flow fields over thirteen days from these two sources was used. A SOM topology map of size 4 \u00d7 3 was developed to explore spatial patterns of surface flows. Additionally, comparisons of surface flow patterns between SOM and EOF analysis were carried out. Results illustrate that both SOM and EOF analysis methods are valuable tools for extracting characteristic surface current patterns. Comparisons indicated that the SOM technique displays synoptic characteristics of surface flow fields in a more detailed way than EOF analysis. Extracted synoptic surface current patterns are useful in a variety of applications, such as oil spill treatment and search and rescue. This research provides an approach to using powerful tools to diagnose ocean processes from different aspects. Moreover, it is of great significance to assess SOM as a potential forecasting tool for coastal surface currents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12172841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T14:21:10Z","timestamp":1598970070000},"page":"2841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Investigations into Synoptic Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Coastal Upper Ocean Circulation Using High Frequency Radar Data and Model Output"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China"},{"name":"Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nanyang","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7855-1983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Hartnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TH33 Galway, Ireland"},{"name":"Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TH33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00358","article-title":"The Scientific and Societal Uses of Global Measurements of Subsurface Velocity","volume":"6","author":"Szuts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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