{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:06:31Z","timestamp":1773414391086,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ocean water column information profiles are essential for ocean research. Currently, water column profiles are typically obtained by ocean lidar instruments, including spaceborne, airborne and shipborne lidar, most of which are equipped with a 532 nm laser; however, blue wavelength penetrates more for open ocean detection. In this paper, we present a novel airborne dual-wavelength ocean lidar (DWOL), equipped with a 532 and 486 nm laser that can operate simultaneously. This instrument was designed to compare the performance of 486 and 532 nm lasers in a single detection area and to provide a reference for future spaceborne oceanic lidar (SBOL) design. Airborne and shipborne experiments were conducted in the South China Sea. Results show that\u2014for a 500-frame accumulation\u2014the 486 nm channel obtained volume profiles from a depth of approximately 100 m. In contrast, the vertical profiles obtained by the 532 nm channel only reached in a depth of 75 m, which was approximately 25% less than that of 486 m channel in the same detection area. Results from the inverse lidar attenuation coefficient \u03b1(z) for the DWOL show that the maximum value of \u03b1(z) ranged from 40 to 80 m, which was consistent with the chlorophyll-scattering layer (CSL) distribution measured by the shipborne instrument. Additionally, \u03b1486(z) decreased for depth beyond 80 m, indicating that the 486 nm laser can potentially penetrate the entire CSL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12172844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T22:07:46Z","timestamp":1598998066000},"page":"2844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["A Dual-Wavelength Ocean Lidar for Vertical Profiling of Oceanic Backscatter and Attenuation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kaipeng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"},{"name":"Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}]},{"given":"Zhengyang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"},{"name":"Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Chunhe","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}]},{"given":"Weibiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaolei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 36 Bochubeilu, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Junwu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Guanlan Ocean Science Satellites, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7469-1452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songhua","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean Remote Sensing Institute, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"}]},{"given":"Fanghua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"},{"name":"Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Daheng Optics and Fine Mechanics Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201821, China"}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"},{"name":"Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"},{"name":"Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.marine.010908.163650","article-title":"A decade of satellite ocean color observations","volume":"1","author":"McClain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.03.025","article-title":"Regional to global assessments of phytoplankton dynamics from the SeaWiFS mission","volume":"135","author":"Siegel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Boyer Mont\u00e9gut, C., Madec, G., Fischer, A.S., Lazar, A., and Iudicone, D. (2004). Mixed layer depth over the global ocean: An examination of profile data and a profile-based climatology. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 109.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JC002378"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/0967-0637(95)00068-H","article-title":"Surface mixed and mixing layer depths","volume":"42","author":"Brainerd","year":"1995","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1989.34.8.1545","article-title":"Surface pigments, algal biomass profiles, and potential production of the euphotic layer: Relationships reinvestigated in view of remote-sensing applications","volume":"34","author":"Morel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHA1281.1","article-title":"Overview of the CALIPSO mission and CALIOP data processing algorithms","volume":"26","author":"Winker","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Hu, Y. (2009). Ocean, Land and Meteorology Studies Using Space-Based Lidar Measurements."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6611(91)90004-6","article-title":"Light and marine photosynthesis: A spectral model with geochemical and climatological implications","volume":"26","author":"Morel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1989.34.8.1510","article-title":"Modeling in situ phytoplankton absorption from total absorption spectra in productive inland marine waters","volume":"34","author":"Roesler","year":"1989","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1981.26.1.0043","article-title":"Absorption by dissolved organic matter of the sea (yellow substance) in the UV and visible domains 1","volume":"26","author":"Bricaud","year":"1981","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Xue, C., Zhang, T., Hu, L., Chen, G., and Tang, J. (2019). Analysis of the Optimal Wavelength for Oceanographic Lidar at the Global Scale Based on the Inherent Optical Properties of Water. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11222705"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6079","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5116079","article-title":"Fraunhofer lidar prototype in the green spectral region for atmospheric boundary layer observations","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6491","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.31.006491","article-title":"Filling in of Fraunhofer lines in the ocean by Raman scattering","volume":"31","author":"Kattawar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041101","DOI":"10.3788\/COL201816.041101","article-title":"Depth resolution improvement of streak tube imaging lidar system using three laser beams","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F232","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.54.00F232","article-title":"Using a multiwavelength LiDAR for improved remote sensing of natural waters","volume":"54","author":"Gray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-73-2012","article-title":"Aerosol classification using airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar measurements-methodology and examples","volume":"5","author":"Burton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.28.001670","article-title":"Light scattering characteristics of various aerosol types derived from multiple wavelength lidar observations","volume":"28","author":"Sasano","year":"1989","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2003.11.003","article-title":"Signal induced noise in PMT detection of lidar signals","volume":"35","author":"Acharya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4639","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.38.004639","article-title":"Signal-induced fluorescence in photomultipliers in differential absorption lidar systems","volume":"38","author":"Zhao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Concannon, B.M., Contarino, V.M., Allocca, D.M., and Mullen, L.J. (1999). Characterization of signal-induced artifacts in photomultiplier tubes for underwater lidar applications. Proceedings of Airborne and In-Water Underwater Imaging, SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.366478"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6742","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.32.006742","article-title":"Correction for nonlinear photon-counting effects in lidar systems","volume":"32","author":"Donovan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111827","article-title":"Antarctic spring ice-edge blooms observed from space by ICESat-2","volume":"245","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14611","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.014611","article-title":"Fully integrated free-running InGaAs\/InP single-photon detector for accurate lidar applications","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29001","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.029001","article-title":"Retrieval of ocean subsurface particulate backscattering coefficient from space-borne CALIOP lidar measurements","volume":"24","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3457","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5073457","article-title":"Subsurface ocean signals from an orbiting polarization lidar","volume":"5","author":"Churnside","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schutz, B.E., Zwally, H.J., Shuman, C.A., Hancock, D., and DiMarzio, J.P. (2005). Overview of the ICESat mission. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024009"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00194","article-title":"Concept Design of the \u201cGuanlan\u201d Science Mission: China\u2019s Novel Contribution to Space Oceanography","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C87","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.382174","article-title":"Compact dual-wavelength blue-green laser for airborne ocean detection lidar","volume":"59","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Amante, C., and Eakins, B.W. (2020, September 01). ETOPO1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model: Procedures, Data Sources and Analysis; 2009, Available online: http:\/\/www.ngdc.noaa.gov\/mgg\/global\/global.html."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-2607(95)01640-F","article-title":"MCML\u2014Monte Carlo modeling of light transport in multi-layered tissues","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6329","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.37.006329","article-title":"Hyperspectral remote sensing for shallow waters. I. A semianalytical model","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10749","DOI":"10.1029\/JC093iC09p10749","article-title":"Optical modeling of the upper ocean in relation to its biogenous matter content (case I waters)","volume":"93","author":"Morel","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8710","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.36.008710","article-title":"Absorption spectrum (380\u2013700 nm) of pure water. II. Integrating cavity measurements","volume":"36","author":"Pope","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optical properties of pure water and pure sea water","volume":"1","author":"Morel","year":"1974","journal-title":"Opt. Asp. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Churnside, J.H. (2013). Review of profiling oceanographic lidar. Opt. Eng., 53.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.53.5.051405"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60214a047","article-title":"Smoothing and Differentiation of Data by Simplified Least Squares Procedures","volume":"36","author":"SAVITZKY","year":"1964","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/17\/2844\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:05:43Z","timestamp":1760177143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/17\/2844"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12172844"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12172844","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]}}}