{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T01:31:44Z","timestamp":1773538304297,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61775050, 11804073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61775050, 11804073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PA2019GDZC0098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PA2019GDZC0098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Anhui Key Laboratory of Polarization Imaging Detection Technology","award":["2018-KFJJ-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-KFJJ-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We constructed an active imaging model within 10 km of the atmosphere from the satellite to the ground based on Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm, and, because of the inhomogeneous distributions of the scattering particles in atmosphere environment, 10 km atmosphere layer was divided into ten layers in our model. The MC algorithm was used to simulate the transmission process of photons through the atmosphere. By launching lasers of linear polarization states from satellites to ground, the intensity, degree of polarization (DoP), polarization difference (PD), and polarization retrieve (PR) images can be obtained. The contrast of the image, peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), and structural similarity index (SSI) were used to evaluate the imaging quality. The simulated results demonstrate that the contrast of images is degraded as the atmosphere becomes worse. However, PR imaging have a better contrast and better visibility in different atmospheric conditions. Meanwhile, we found that Mueller matrix (MM) can retrieve the original images very well in a certain range of atmospheric conditions. Finally, the simulation also shows that different wavelengths of light sources have different penetration characteristics, and, in general, infrared light shows better performances than visible light for imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12182895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T09:18:16Z","timestamp":1599470296000},"page":"2895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Performances of Polarization-Retrieve Imaging in Stratified Dispersion Media"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xinyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianwei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dekui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0676-7371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7282-2503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongyi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Information, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2011.2179666","article-title":"Underwater Image Enhancement by Wavelength Compensation and Dehazing","volume":"21","author":"Chiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.000626","article-title":"Polarimetric imaging and retrieval of target polarization characteristics in underwater environment","volume":"55","author":"Gu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Yang, B., Lin, H., and Zhang, J. (2020). Modeling Polarized Reflectance of Natural Land Surfaces Using Generalized RegreSSIon Neural Networks. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12020248"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19523","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.019523","article-title":"Image dehazing using polarization effects of objects and airlight","volume":"22","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27127","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.027127","article-title":"Haze effect removal from image via haze density estimation in optical model","volume":"21","author":"Yeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.56.000942","article-title":"Real-time image haze removal using an aperture-division polarimetric camera","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.25.000239","article-title":"Polarized light propagation through tissue phantoms containing densely packed scatterers","volume":"25","author":"Sankaran","year":"2000","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Depolarization Performances of the Polarized Light in Different Scattering Media Systems","volume":"10","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Photon J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dechesne, C., Lef\u00e8vre, S., Vadaine, R., Hajduch, G., and Fablet, R. (2019). Ship Identification and Characterization in Sentinel-1 SAR Images with Multi-Task Deep Learnin. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11242997"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhai, A., Wen, X., Xu, H., Yuan, L., and Meng, Q. (2017). Multi-Layer Model Based on Multi-Scale and Multi-Feature Fusion for SAR Images. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9101085"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L476","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.33.L476","article-title":"Mie-Scattering Ellipsometry for Analysis of Particle Behaviors in ProceSSIng Plasmas","volume":"33","author":"Hayashi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465203","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/48\/46\/465203","article-title":"Kinetic Mie ellipsometry to determine the time-resolved particle growth in nanodusty plasmas","volume":"48","author":"Groth","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10200","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.010200","article-title":"Impulse response solution to the three-dimensional vector radiative transfer equation in atmosphere-ocean systems. I. Monte Carlo method","volume":"18","author":"Antonelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173106","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4982645","article-title":"In-situanalysis of optically thick nanoparticle clouds","volume":"110","author":"Kirchschlager","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3629","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.003629","article-title":"Polarization-based exploration for clear underwater vision in natural illumination","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.04.216","article-title":"Research of Polarized Image Defogging Technique Based on Dark Channel Priori and Guided Filtering","volume":"131","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.35.001855","article-title":"Target detection in optically scattering media by polarization-difference imaging","volume":"35","author":"Tyo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Schechner, Y.Y., Narasimhan, S.G., and Nayar, S.K. (2001, January 8\u201314). Instant dehazing of images using polarization. Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition CVPR 2001 CVPR-01 2005, Kauai, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2005.850871","article-title":"Recovery of Underwater Visibility and Structure by Polarization Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Schechner","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.52.000997","article-title":"Exploring underwater target detection by imaging polarimetry and correlation techniques","volume":"52","author":"Dubreuil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9826","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.009826","article-title":"Underwater image recovery considering polarization effects of objects","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173107","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4901244","article-title":"Visibility enhancement of hazy images based on a universal polarimetric imaging method","volume":"116","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26146","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.026146","article-title":"Polarimetric dehazing method for dense haze removal based on distribution analysis of angle of polarization","volume":"23","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8221","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.008221","article-title":"Polarimetric dehazing method for visibility improvement based on visible and infrared image fusion","volume":"55","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Underwater Image Recovery under the Nonuniform Optical Field Based on Polarimetric Imaging","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Photon J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchuk, G.I., Mikhailov, G.A., Nazaraliev, M.A., Darbinjan, R.A., Kargin, B.A., and Elepov, B.S. (1980). The Monte Carlo Methods in Atmospheric Optics. X-ray Microsc, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-35237-2"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4420","DOI":"10.1364\/OPEX.13.004420","article-title":"Three Monte Carlo programs of polarized light transport into scattering media: Part I","volume":"13","author":"Prahl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, T., Shen, F., Wang, K., Guo, K., Liu, X., Wang, F., Peng, Z., Cui, Y., Sun, R., and Ding, Z. (2019). Broad-Band TransmiSSIon Characteristics of Polarizations in Foggy Environments. Atmosphere, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10060342"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28337","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.028337","article-title":"The depolarization performances of scattering systems based on the Indices of Polarimetric Purity (IPPs)","volume":"27","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2017.09.115","article-title":"Polarization imaging performances based on different retrieving Mueller matrixes","volume":"153","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9397","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.009397","article-title":"Acquiring reflective polarization from arbitrary multi-layer surface based on Monte Carlo simulation","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35606","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8978\/17\/3\/035606","article-title":"A novel method of retrieving the polarization qubits after being transmitted in turbid media","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20201013","DOI":"10.3788\/irla.3_2020-1014","article-title":"Advances on theory and application of polarization information propagation(Invited)","volume":"49","author":"Zhongyi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infrared Laser Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2014.11.065","article-title":"Multi-spectral characteristics of polarization retrieve in various atmospheric conditions","volume":"339","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85701","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8978\/17\/8\/085701","article-title":"Retrieving the polarization information for satellite-to-ground light communication","volume":"17","author":"Tao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.47.001037","article-title":"Impulse response solution to the three-dimensional vector radiative transfer equation in atmosphere-ocean systems. I. Monte Carlo method","volume":"47","author":"Zhai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6584","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.54.006584","article-title":"Transmitting characteristics of polarization information under seawater","volume":"54","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2015.09.109","article-title":"Active imaging with the aids of polarization retrieve in turbid media system","volume":"359","author":"Tao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6381","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.14.006381","article-title":"Polarization and effective Mueller matrix for multiple scattering of light by nonspherical ice crystals","volume":"14","author":"Lawless","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4491","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.45.004491","article-title":"Polarization-degree imaging contrast in turbid media: A quantitative study","volume":"45","author":"Shao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.54.001279","article-title":"Polarization difference ghost imaging","volume":"54","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1286140","article-title":"Modeling and performances of a polarization active imager at =806 nm","volume":"39","author":"Breugnot","year":"2000","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.30.001806","article-title":"Polarimetric laser radar target claSSIfication","volume":"30","author":"Chun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.48.001610","article-title":"Near-infrared active polarimetric and multispectral laboratory demonstrator for target detection","volume":"48","author":"Alouini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.001231","article-title":"Polarimetric ghost imaging","volume":"39","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.34.002765","article-title":"Rayleigh-scattering calculations for the terrestrial atmosphere","volume":"34","author":"Bucholtz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Deirmendjian, D. (1969). Electromagnetic Scattering on Spherical Polydispersions, Rand Corp."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elterman, L. (1970). Vertical-Attenuation Model with Eight Surface Meteorological Ranges 2 To 13 Kilometers, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Office of Aerospace Research.","DOI":"10.21236\/AD0707488"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.11.000755","article-title":"Infrared Refractive Index of Atmospheric Aerosol Substances","volume":"11","author":"Volz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3399","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.38.003399","article-title":"Light backscattering polarization patterns from turbid media: Theory and experiment","volume":"38","author":"Kattawar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.39.001580","article-title":"Monte Carlo simulations of the diffuse backscattering mueller matrix for highly scattering media","volume":"39","author":"Bartel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.7.000198","article-title":"Propagation of polarized light in turbid media: Simulated animation sequences","volume":"7","author":"Yao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Simoncelli, E.P., and Bovik, A.C. (2003, January 9\u201312). Multi-scale structural similarity for image quality assessment. Proceedings of the Thrity-seventh Asilmar Conference on Signals, Systems & Computers, Pacific Grove, CA, USA."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/18\/2895\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:07:31Z","timestamp":1760177251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/18\/2895"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12182895"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12182895","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]}}}