{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T15:48:36Z","timestamp":1780674516772,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":272,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA","award":["NASA Earth Science Senior Review 2017 MODIS algorithm maintenance  AND NASA Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments (NNH17ZDA001N-MEASURES)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NASA Earth Science Senior Review 2017 MODIS algorithm maintenance  AND NASA Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments (NNH17ZDA001N-MEASURES)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Dark Target aerosol algorithm was developed to exploit the information content available from the observations of Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS), to better characterize the global aerosol system. The algorithm is based on measurements of the light scattered by aerosols toward a space-borne sensor against the backdrop of relatively dark Earth scenes, thus giving rise to the name \u201cDark Target\u201d. Development required nearly a decade of research that included application of MODIS airborne simulators to provide test beds for proto-algorithms and analysis of existing data to form realistic assumptions to constrain surface reflectance and aerosol optical properties. This research in itself played a significant role in expanding our understanding of aerosol properties, even before Terra MODIS launch. Contributing to that understanding were the observations and retrievals of the growing Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) of sun-sky radiometers, which has walked hand-in-hand with MODIS and the development of other aerosol algorithms, providing validation of the satellite-retrieved products after launch. The MODIS Dark Target products prompted advances in Earth science and applications across subdisciplines such as climate, transport of aerosols, air quality, and data assimilation systems. Then, as the Terra and Aqua MODIS sensors aged, the challenge was to monitor the effects of calibration drifts on the aerosol products and to differentiate physical trends in the aerosol system from artefacts introduced by instrument characterization. Our intention is to continue to adapt and apply the well-vetted Dark Target algorithms to new instruments, including both polar-orbiting and geosynchronous sensors. The goal is to produce an uninterrupted time series of an aerosol climate data record that begins at the dawn of the 21st century and continues indefinitely into the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12182900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T09:18:16Z","timestamp":1599470296000},"page":"2900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["The Dark Target Algorithm for Observing the Global Aerosol System: Past, Present, and Future"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lorraine A.","family":"Remer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology-UMBC, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8933-5303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert C.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771-0001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shana","family":"Mattoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771-0001, USA"},{"name":"Science Systems and Applications (SSAI), Lanham, MD 20706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Tanr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, UMR 8518-LOA-Laboratoire d\u2019Optique Atmosph\u00e9rique, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawan","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Huntsville, AL 35806, USA"},{"name":"Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingxi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology-UMBC, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"},{"name":"NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771-0001, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Maryland-Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Sawyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771-0001, USA"},{"name":"Science Systems and Applications (SSAI), Lanham, MD 20706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leigh A.","family":"Munchak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771-0001, USA"},{"name":"Science Systems and Applications (SSAI), Lanham, MD 20706, USA"},{"name":"Maxar Technologies, Westminster, CO 80234, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7812-851X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaping","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology-UMBC, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Maryland-Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mijin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771-0001, USA"},{"name":"Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Columbia, MD 21046, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Ichoku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Arts &amp; Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Falguni","family":"Patadia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771-0001, USA"},{"name":"Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Huntsville, AL 35806, USA"},{"name":"Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong-Rong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Research Laboratory, Code 7231, Washington, DC 20375, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6872-0018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Gass\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771-0001, USA"},{"name":"Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center (ESSIC), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20737, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard G.","family":"Kleidman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771-0001, USA"},{"name":"Science Systems and Applications (SSAI), Lanham, MD 20706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent N.","family":"Holben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771-0001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01091","article-title":"A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system","volume":"419","author":"Kaufman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"D10S01","article-title":"Preface to special section on Global Aerosol System","volume":"110","author":"Kaufman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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