{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T02:47:23Z","timestamp":1778813243629,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]],"date-time":"2020-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Social Fund\u2019s Dora Plus Program","award":["36.9-6.1\/1222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["36.9-6.1\/1222"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science of Estonia","award":["IUT2-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IUT2-16"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science of Estonia","award":["PRG352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRG352"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund for the Centre of Excellence \u201cEcology of Global Change: Natural and Managed Ecosystems\u201d (EcolChange)","award":["TK131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TK131"]}]},{"name":"Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for a Feodor Lynen Fellowship","award":["grant number is not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number is not applicable"]}]},{"name":"Dept of Energy Ameriflux Network Management Project","award":["grant number is not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number is not applicable"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The OPtical TRApezoid Model (OPTRAM) is a physically-based approach for remote soil moisture estimation. OPTRAM is based on the response of short-wave infrared (SWIR) reflectance to vegetation water status, which in turn responds to changes of root-zone soil moisture. In peatlands, the latter is tightly coupled to water table depth (WTD). Therefore, in theory, the OPTRAM index might be a useful tool to monitor WTD dynamics in peatlands, although the sensitivity of OPTRAM index to WTD changes will likely depend on vegetation cover and related rooting depth. In this study, we aim at identifying those locations (further called \u2018best pixels\u2019) where the OPTRAM index is most representative of overall peatland WTD dynamics. In peatlands, the high saturated hydraulic conductivity of the upper layer largely synchronizes the temporal WTD fluctuations over several kilometers, i.e., even though the mean and amplitude of the WTD dynamics may vary in space. Therefore, it can be assumed that the WTD time series, either measured at a single location or simulated for a grid cell with the PEATland-specific adaptation of the NASA Catchment Land Surface Model (PEATCLSM), are representative of the overall peatland WTD dynamics. We took advantage of this concept to identify the \u2018best pixel\u2019 of all spatially distributed OPTRAM pixels within a peatland, as that pixel with the highest time series Pearson correlation (R) with WTD data accounting for temporal autocorrelation. The OPTRAM index was calculated based on various remotely sensed images, namely, Landsat, MODIS, and aggregated Landsat images at MODIS resolution for five northern peatlands with long-term WTD records, including both bogs and fens. The \u2018best pixels\u2019 were dominantly covered with mosses and graminoids with little or no shrub or trees. However, the performance of OPTRAM highly depended on the spatial resolution of the remotely sensed data. The Landsat-based OPTRAM index yielded the highest R values (mean of 0.7 across the \u2018best pixels\u2019 in five peatlands). Our study further indicates that, in the absence of historical in situ data, PEATCLSM can be used as an alternative to localize \u2018best pixels\u2019. This finding enables the future applicability of OPTRAM to monitor WTD changes in peatlands on a global scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12182936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]],"date-time":"2020-09-10T09:10:09Z","timestamp":1599729009000},"page":"2936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Satellite Determination of Peatland Water Table Temporal Dynamics by Localizing Representative Pixels of A SWIR-Based Moisture Index"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1436-2550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iuliia","family":"Burdun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology &amp; Earth Sciences, Department of Geography, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8042-9792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Bechtold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4624-4724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Sagris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology &amp; Earth Sciences, Department of Geography, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3541-672X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalea","family":"Lohila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate System Research, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research\/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5397-2802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elyn","family":"Humphreys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5226-6041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ankur R.","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3765-6399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mats B.","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"De Lannoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2340-6989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00dclo","family":"Mander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology &amp; Earth Sciences, Department of Geography, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01292.x","article-title":"Contemporary carbon balance and late Holocene carbon accumulation in a northern peatland","volume":"13","author":"Roulet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glob. 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