{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T14:43:20Z","timestamp":1775486600041,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Special project of the National Development and Reform Commission","award":["Y30280A2F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y30280A2F"]}]},{"name":"Satellite Emergency Support Technology, Defense Science and Technology Bureau Pre-Research","award":["Y930060K8M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y930060K8M"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land use land cover (LULC) of city regions is strongly affected by urbanization and affects the thermal environment of urban centers by influencing the surface temperature of core city areas and their surroundings. These issues are addressed in the current study, which focuses on two provincial capitals in Pakistan, i.e., Lahore and Peshawar. Using Landsat data, LULC is determined with the aim to (a) examine the spatio-temporal changes in LULC over a period of 20 years from 1998 to 2018 using a CA-Markov model, (b) predict the future scenarios of LULC changes for the years 2023 and 2028, and (c) study the evolution of different LULC categories and investigate its impacts on land surface temperature (LST). The results for Peshawar city indicate the significant expansion in vegetation and built-up area replacing barren land. The vegetation cover and urban area of Peshawar have increased by 25.6%, and 16.3% respectively. In contrast, Lahore city urban land has expanded by 11.2% while vegetation cover decreased by (22.6%). These transitions between LULC classes also affect the LST in the study areas. Transformation of vegetation cover and water surface into built-up areas or barren land results in the increase in the LST. In contrast, the transformation of urban areas and barren land into vegetation cover or water results in the decrease in LST. The different LULC evolutions in Lahore and Peshawar clearly indicate their effects on the thermal environment, with an increasing LST trend in Lahore and a decrease in Peshawar. This study provides a baseline reference to urban planners and policymakers for informed decisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12182987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T09:04:53Z","timestamp":1600074293000},"page":"2987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Modeling Spatio-Temporal Land Transformation and Its Associated Impacts on land Surface Temperature (LST)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1322-126X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faisal","family":"Mumtaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 101408, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 101408, China"},{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China"},{"name":"Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Processing and Application, Langfang 065000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1649-6333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerrit","family":"de Leeuw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), R&amp;D Satellite Observations, 3731GA De Bilt, The Netherlands"},{"name":"State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Limin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 101408, China"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 101408, China"},{"name":"State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8008-5670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelrazek","family":"Elnashar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 101408, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of African Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2893-0651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barjeece","family":"Bashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 101408, China"}]},{"given":"Gengke","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 101408, China"},{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China"}]},{"given":"LingLing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 101408, China"}]},{"given":"Shahid","family":"Naeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research (IGSNRR), Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0726-1807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arfan","family":"Arshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 101408, China"}]},{"given":"Dakang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 101408, 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