{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:14:52Z","timestamp":1760238892093,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NOAA\/NCEI","award":["NA09NES4400006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA09NES4400006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>More than one decade of observations from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) onboard the polar-orbiting satellites NOAA-15 to NOAA-19 and European Meteorological Operational satellite program-A (MetOp-A) provided global information on atmospheric temperature profiles, water vapor, cloud, precipitation, etc. These observations were primarily intended for weather related prediction and applications, however, in order to meet the requirements for climate application, further reprocessing must be conducted to first eliminate any potential satellites biases. After the geolocation and cross-scan bias corrections were applied to the dataset, follow-on research focused on the comparison amongst AMSU-A window channels (e.g., 23.8, 31.4, 50.3 and 89.0 GHz) from the six different satellites to remove any inter-satellite inconsistency. Inter-satellite differences can arise from many error sources, such as bias drift, sun-heating-induced instrument variability in brightness temperatures, radiance dependent biases due to inaccurate calibration nonlinearity, etc. The Integrated microwave inter-calibration approach (IMICA) approach was adopted in this study for inter-satellite calibration of AMSU-A window channels after the appropriate standard deviation (STD) thresholds were identified to restrict Simultaneous Nadir Overpass (SNO) data for window channels. This was a critical step towards the development of a set of fundamental and thematic climate data records (CDRs) for hydrological and climatological applications. NOAA-15 served as the main reference satellite for this study. For ensuing studies that expand to beyond 2015, however, it is recommended that a different satellite be adopted as the reference due to concerns over potential degradation of NOAA-15 AMSU-A.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12182988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T09:04:53Z","timestamp":1600074293000},"page":"2988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Inter-Calibration of AMSU-A Window Channels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wenze","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"I. M. Systems Group, 5830 University Research Court, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6449-890X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Satellite Applications and Research, National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 5825 University Research Court, Suite 4001, College Park, MD 20740-3823, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8393-7135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralph R.","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Satellite Applications and Research, National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 5825 University Research Court, Suite 4001, College Park, MD 20740-3823, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0279-9405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Science and Technology, Inc., 5830 University Research Court, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"National Research Council (2004). 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