{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T07:50:05Z","timestamp":1779263405690,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003968","name":"Iran National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["96003646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["96003646"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17-55-560006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-55-560006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008257","name":"Tarbiat Modares University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IG-39713"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IG-39713"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008257","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the excessive use of natural resources in the contemporary world, the importance of ecological and environmental condition modeling has increased. Wetlands and cities represent the natural and artificial strategic areas that affect ecosystem conditions. Changes in the ecological conditions of these areas have a great impact on the conditions of the global ecosystem. Therefore, modeling spatiotemporal variations of the ecological conditions in these areas is critical. This study was aimed at comparing degrees of variation among surface ecological conditions due to natural and unnatural factors. Consequently, the surface ecological conditions of Gomishan city and Gomishan wetland in Iran were modeled for a period of 30 years, and the spatiotemporal variations were evaluated and compared with each other. To this end, 20 Landsat 5, 7, and 8, and 432 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), monthly land surface temperature (LST) (MOD11C3) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (MOD13C3) products were utilized. The surface ecological conditions were modeled according to the Remote Sensing-based Ecological Index (RSEI), and the spatiotemporal variation of the RSEI values in the study area (Gomishan city, Gomishan wetland) were evaluated and compared with each other. According to MODIS products, the mean of the LST and NDVI variance values for the study area (Gomishan city, Gomishan wetland) were obtained to be 6.5 \u00b0C (2.1, 12.1) and 0.009 (0.005, 0.013), respectively. The highest LST and NDVI temporal variations were found for Gomishan wetland near the Caspian Sea. According to Landsat images, Gomishan wetland and Gomishan city have the highest and lowest temporal variations in surface biophysical characteristics, respectively. The mean RSEI for the study area (Gomishan city, Gomishan wetland) was 0.43 (0.65, 0.29), respectively. Additionally, the mean Coefficient of Variation (CV) of RSEI for the study area (Gomishan city, Gomishan wetland) was 0.10 (0.88, 0.51), respectively. The surface ecological conditions of Gomishan city were worse than those of the Gomishan wetland at all dates. Temporal variations in the surface ecological conditions of Gomishan wetland were greater than those of the study area and Gomishan city. These results can provide useful and effective information for environmental planning and decision-making to improve ecological conditions, protect the environment, and support sustainable ecosystem development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12182989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T09:04:53Z","timestamp":1600074293000},"page":"2989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["A Remotely Sensed Assessment of Surface Ecological Change over the Gomishan Wetland, Iran"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7955-7490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salman","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geography, Humboldt University of Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 16, 12489 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyed Kazem","family":"Alavipanah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran 14178-53933, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7050-3741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Konyushkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3290-1351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naeim","family":"Mijani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran 14178-53933, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Solmaz","family":"Fathololomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-13131, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3060-9162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Karimi","family":"Firozjaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran 14178-53933, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2493-7407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Homaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-336, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saeid","family":"Hamzeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran 14178-53933, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ata Abdollahi","family":"Kakroodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran 14178-53933, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2019.119720","article-title":"Exploring the spatiotemporal changes of ecological carrying capacity for regional sustainable development based on GIS: A case study of Nanchang City","volume":"148","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technol. 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