{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:34:17Z","timestamp":1769042057780,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41904032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41904025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41904025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China","award":["2019JJ50764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019JJ50764"]}]},{"name":"Research Grant for Specially Hired Associate Professor of Central South University","award":["202045005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202045005"]}]},{"name":"Opening Foundation of Hunan Engineering and Research Center of Natural Resource Investigation and Monitoring","award":["2020-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In most previous studies of tropospheric tomography, water vapor is assumed to have a homogeneous distribution within each voxel. The parameterization of voxels can mitigate the negative effects of the improper assumption to the tomographic solution. An improved parameterized algorithm is proposed for determining the water vapor distribution by Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) tomography. Within a voxel, a generic point is determined via horizontal inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation and vertical exponential interpolation from the wet refractivities at the eight surrounding voxel nodes. The parameters involved in exponential and IDW interpolation are dynamically estimated for each tomography by using the refractivity field of the last process. By considering the quasi-exponential behavior of the wet refractivity profile, an optimal algorithm is proposed to discretize the vertical layers of the tomographic model. The improved parameterization algorithm is validated with the observational data collected over a 1-month period from 124 Global Positioning System (GPS) stations of Hunan Province, China. Assessments by GPS, radiosonde, and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ReAnalysis 5 (ERA5) data, demonstrate that the improved model outperforms the traditional nonparametric model and the parameterized model using trilinear interpolation. In the assessment by GPS data, the improved model performs better than the traditional model and the trilinear parameterized model by 54% and 10%, respectively. Such improvements are 31% and 10% in the validation by radiosonde profiles. In comparison with the ERA5 reanalysis, the improved model yields a minimum overall root mean square (RMS) error of 8.94 mm\/km, while those of the traditional and trilinear parametrized models are 10.79 and 9.73 mm\/km, respectively. The RMS errors vertically decrease from ~20 mm\/km at the bottom to ~5 mm\/km at the top layer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12183034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T08:29:43Z","timestamp":1600331383000},"page":"3034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Reconstruction of Wet Refractivity Field Using an Improved Parameterized Tropospheric Tomographic Technique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Biyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of GeoHazards Perception, Cognition and Predication, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring Ministry of Education, School of Geoscience and Info-physics, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1606-117X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wujiao","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring Ministry of Education, School of Geoscience and Info-physics, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Centre, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minsi","family":"Ao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Province Mapping and Science and Technology Investigation Institute, Changsha 410000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingshu","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of GeoHazards Perception, Cognition and Predication, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring Ministry of Education, School of Geoscience and Info-physics, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5686","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3990.1","article-title":"Robust responses of the hydrological cycle to global warming","volume":"19","author":"Held","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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