{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T09:23:37Z","timestamp":1784366617337,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,19]],"date-time":"2020-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia Impactful Grant","award":["UPM\/700-2\/1\/GPB\/2018\/9598800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UPM\/700-2\/1\/GPB\/2018\/9598800"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a passive radar system using a signal of opportunity from Digital Video Broadcasting Satellite (DVB-S). The ultimate purpose of the system is to be used as an air traffic monitoring and surveillance system. However, the work focuses on drone detection as a proof of the concept. Detecting a drone by using satellite-based passive radar possess inherent challenges, such as the small radar cross section and low speed. Therefore, this paper proposes a unique method by leveraging the advantage of forward-scattering radar (FSR) topology and characteristics to detect a drone; in other words, the system is known as a passive FSR (p-FSR) system. In the signal-processing algorithm, the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is applied to the received signal to extract the unique feature vector of the micro-Doppler frequency from the drone\u2019s rotating blades. The paper highlights the p-FSR experimental setup and experiment campaign to detect drones. The experimental results show the feasibility of the p-FSR using a signal transmitted from a satellite to detect flying drone crossing the forward-scatter baseline between the satellite and ground station.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12183075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T21:20:28Z","timestamp":1600636828000},"page":"3075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Passive Forward-Scattering Radar Using Digital Video Broadcasting Satellite Signal for Drone Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9375-2038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raja Syamsul Azmir","family":"Raja Abdullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless and Photonics Networks (WIPNET), Department of Computer and Communication System Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surajo","family":"Alhaji Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless and Photonics Networks (WIPNET), Department of Computer and Communication System Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia"},{"name":"Computer Engineering Department, Institute of Information Technology, Kazaure 3002, Jigawa, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur Emileen","family":"Abdul Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microwave Research Institute, University Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aduwati","family":"Sali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless and Photonics Networks (WIPNET), Department of Computer and Communication System Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asem Ahmad","family":"Salah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Arab American University, Jenin 44862, West Bank, Palestine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3085-4889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyani","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless and Photonics Networks (WIPNET), Department of Computer and Communication System Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Osamu, T. 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