{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T14:44:13Z","timestamp":1769006653207,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper details the development of a camera calibration method purpose-built for use in photogrammetric survey production. The calibration test field was established in a hangar, where marker coordinates were measured using a high-precision survey methodology guaranteeing very high accuracy. An analytical model for bundle adjustment was developed that does not directly use the coordinates of field calibration markers but integrates bundle adjustment and survey observations into a single process. This solution, as well as a classical calibration method, were implemented in a custom software, for which the C++ source code repository is provided. The method was tested using three industrial cameras. The comparison was drawn towards a baseline method, OpenCV implementation. The results point to the advantages of using the proposed approach utilizing extended bundle adjustment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T02:56:43Z","timestamp":1600916203000},"page":"3130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Calibration of Industrial Cameras for Aerial Photogrammetric Mapping"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jakub","family":"Kolecki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5066-6220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Kuras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6965-2574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Pastucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Krystian","family":"Pyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Sierka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MGGP Aero Sp. z o.o., ul. Kaczkowskiego 6, 33-100 Tarn\u00f3w, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"266","article-title":"Digital Camera Calibration Methods: Considerations and Comparisons","volume":"36","author":"Remondino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Symp. Image Eng. Vis. Metrol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1043","article-title":"Medium Format Digital Cameras\u2014A EuroSDR Project","volume":"37","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"554","article-title":"The Effects of Temperature Variation on Single-Lens-Reflex Digital Camera Calibration Parameters","volume":"38","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"855","article-title":"Close-range camera calibration","volume":"37","author":"Brown","year":"1971","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(97)00005-1","article-title":"Digital Camera Self-Calibration","volume":"52","author":"Fraser","year":"1997","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.10.006","article-title":"Sensor Modelling and Camera Calibration for Close-Range Photogrammetry","volume":"115","author":"Luhmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.79.4.381","article-title":"Automatic Camera Calibration in Close Range Photogrammetry","volume":"79","author":"Fraser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.05.004","article-title":"New Rigorous and Flexible Fourier Self-Calibration Models for Airborne Camera Calibration","volume":"71","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1109\/34.888718","article-title":"A Flexible New Technique for Camera Calibration","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1109\/19.676732","article-title":"A Three-Step Camera Calibration Method","volume":"46","author":"Bacakoglu","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2005.01.001","article-title":"Geometric Calibration of Digital Cameras through Multi-View Rectification","volume":"23","author":"Lucchese","year":"2005","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17471","DOI":"10.3390\/s140917471","article-title":"Calibration of Action Cameras for Photogrammetric Purposes","volume":"14","author":"Balletti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2020.107798","article-title":"A Novel Efficient Camera Calibration Approach Based on K-SVD Sparse Dictionary Learning","volume":"159","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0262-8856(90)80010-Q","article-title":"Calibrating a Mobile Camera","volume":"8","author":"Puget","year":"1990","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraft, T., Ge\u00dfner, M., Mei\u00df, H., Cramer, M., Gerke, M., and Przybilla, H.J. (2016). Evaluation of a Metric Camera System Tailored for High Precision UAV Applications. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci., 901\u2013907.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLI-B1-901-2016"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"120","article-title":"The OpenCV Library","volume":"25","author":"Bradski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dr. Dobb\u2019s J. Softw. Tools"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2019). AgiSoft Metashape Professional 1.6.4. (Software), AgiSoft LCC."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2019). MATLAB 2019b (Software), The MathWorks."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.7848\/ksgpc.2016.34.4.349","article-title":"On-Site vs. Laboratorial Implementation of Camera Self-Calibration for UAV Photogrammetry","volume":"34","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Surv. Geod. Photogramm. Cartogr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XL-3-W4-1-2016","article-title":"Leica DMC III Calibration and Geometric Sensor Accuracy","volume":"40","author":"Mueller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Gruber, M., and Muick, M. (2016, January 11\u201315). UltraCam Eagle Prime Aerial Sensor Calibration and Validation. Proceedings of the Imaging and Geospatial Technology Forum (IGTF 2016), Fort Wort, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsannals-II-5-339-2014","article-title":"Automated Target-Free Network Orientation and Camera Calibration","volume":"2","author":"Stamatopoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-IV-2-W5-195-2019","article-title":"Simulation and Analysis of Photogrammetric UAV Image Blocks: Influence of Camera Calibration Error","volume":"4","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3609","article-title":"Mitigating Systematic Error in Topographic Models Derived from UAV and Ground-Based Image Networks","volume":"39","author":"James","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2017.2666298","article-title":"Geometric Calibration of an Aerial Multihead Camera System for Direct Georeferencing Applications","volume":"10","author":"Filho","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-441-2018","article-title":"Prototypic Development and Evaluation of a Medium Format Metric Camera","volume":"42","author":"Hastedt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. ISPRS Arch."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Kraus, K. (1997). Photogrammetry, D\u00fcmmler."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Fialovszky, L. (1991). Fundamental and Elements of Optics; Levels. Surveying Instruments and Their Operational Principles, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02826581","article-title":"Control Work in Close Range Photogrammetry","volume":"4","author":"Wenhao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geo-Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Baertlein, H. (1999). Inside the Leica TCA2003. Prof. Surv. Mag., 19."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Kolecki, J. (2020, August 01). Xtrel. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/kubakolecki\/xtrel."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Agarwal, S., and Mierle, K. (2020, January 01). Ceres Solver. Available online: http:\/\/ceres-solver.org."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/19\/3130\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:13:01Z","timestamp":1760177581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/19\/3130"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12193130"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12193130","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]}}}