{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:16:47Z","timestamp":1760239007759,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Scholarship Council (CSC)","award":["201806420035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201806420035"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO), the State Research Agency (AEI) and the European Funds for Regional Development (EFRD)","award":["TEC2017-85244-C2-2-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TEC2017-85244-C2-2-P"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n \/ State Research Agency (AEI) Distinci\u00f3 Mar\u00eda de Maeztu","award":["MDM-2016-0600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MDM-2016-0600"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ground subsidences, either caused by natural phenomena or human activities, can threaten the safety of nearby infrastructures and residents. Among the different causes, mining operations can trigger strong subsidence phenomena with a fast nonlinear temporal behaviour. Therefore, a reliable and precise deformation monitoring is of great significance for safe mining and protection of facilities located above or near the mined-out area. Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) is a technique that uses stacks Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images to remotely monitor the ground deformation of large areas with a high degree of precision at a reasonable cost. Unfortunately, PSI presents limitations when monitoring large gradient deformations when there is phase ambiguity among adjacent Persistent Scatterer (PS) points. In this paper, an improvement of PSI processing, named as External Model-based Deformation Decomposition PSI (EMDD-PSI), is proposed to address this limitation by taking advantage of an external model. The proposed method first uses interferograms generated from SAR Single Look Complex (SLC) images to optimize the parameter adjustments of the external model. Then, the modelled spatial distribution of subsidence is utilized to reduce the fringes of the interferograms generated from the SAR images and to ease the PSI processing. Finally, the ground deformation is retrieved by jointly adding the external model and PSI results. In this paper, fourteen Radarsat-2 SAR images over Fengfeng mining area (China) are used to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed method. The results are evaluated by comparing them with leveling data of the area covering the same temporal period. Results have shown that, after the optimization, the model is able to mimic the real deformation and the fringes of the interferograms can be effectively reduced. As a consequence, the large gradient deformation then can be better retrieved with the preservation of the nonlinear subsidence term. The ground truth shows that, comparing with the classical PSI and PSI with unadjusted parameters, the proposed scheme reduces the error by 35.2% and 20.4%, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T01:39:33Z","timestamp":1600997973000},"page":"3145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Improving PSI Processing of Mining Induced Large Deformations with External Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4900-2109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sen","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CommSensLab, Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC), Campus Nord, Carrer de Jordi Girona, 1, 3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring of NASG, China University of Mining and Technology, Road Daxue, 1, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9424-1889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi J.","family":"Mallorqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CommSensLab, Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC), Campus Nord, Carrer de Jordi Girona, 1, 3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongdong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring of NASG, China University of Mining and Technology, Road Daxue, 1, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1097-4728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meinan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Land Environment and Disaster Monitoring of NASG, China University of Mining and Technology, Road Daxue, 1, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, August 01). 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