{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T21:38:44Z","timestamp":1767908324005,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41631178, 41601414, 41971299 and 41822106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41631178, 41601414, 41971299 and 41822106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018YFB0505400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0505400"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate land cover mapping and change analysis is essential for natural resource management and ecosystem monitoring. GlobeLand30 is a global land cover product from China with 30 m resolution that provides reliable data for many international scientific programs. Few studies have focused on systematically implementing this global land cover product in regional studies. Therefore, this paper presents an object-based extended change vector analysis (ECVA_OB) and transfer learning method to update the reginal land cover map using GlobeLand30 product. The method is designed to highlight small and subtle changes through the concept of uncertain area analysis. Updating is carried out by classifying changed objects using a change-detection-based transfer learning method. Land cover changes are analyzed and the factors affecting updating results are explored. The method was tested with data from Shanghai, China, a city that has experienced significant changes in the past decade. The experimental results show that: (1) the change detection and classification accuracy of the proposed method are 83.30% and 78.77%, respectively, which are significantly better than the values obtained for the multithreshold change vector analysis (MCVA) and the multithreshold change vector analysis and support vector machine (MCVA + SVM) methods; (2) the updated results agree well with GlobeLand30 2010, especially for cultivated land and artificial surfaces, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed method; (3) the most significant changes over the past decade in Shanghai were from cultivated land to artificial surfaces, and the total area containing artificial surfaces in Shanghai increased by about 55% from 2000 to 2011. The factors affecting the updating results are also discussed, which be attributed to the classification accuracy of the base image, extended change vector analysis, and object-based image analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T01:39:33Z","timestamp":1600997973000},"page":"3147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Updating of Land Cover Maps and Change Analysis Using GlobeLand30 Product: A Case Study in Shanghai Metropolitan Area, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanmin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Binbin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.05.001","article-title":"Multi-level monitoring of subtle urban changes for the megacities of China using high-resolution multi-view satellite imagery","volume":"56","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.02.004","article-title":"Updating the 2001 national land cover database land cover classification to 2006 by using Landsat imagery change detection methods","volume":"113","author":"Xian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.08.024","article-title":"A review of large area monitoring of land cover change using Landsat data","volume":"122","author":"Hansen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116031000101675","article-title":"Digital change detection methods in ecosystem monitoring: A review","volume":"10","author":"Coppin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1111772","article-title":"Global consequences of land use","volume":"309","author":"Foley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2012.2199467","article-title":"A user-driven approach to determining critical earth observation priorities for societal benefit","volume":"5","author":"Zell","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111235","article-title":"Landslide mapping from multi-sensor data through improved change detection-based Markov random field","volume":"231","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600210209","article-title":"Global land cover classification at 1 km spatial resolution using a classification tree approach","volume":"21","author":"Hansen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2008.02.005","article-title":"Land cover classification of the north china plain using MODIS_EVI time series","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"ISPRS-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.09.010","article-title":"Hierarchical mapping of northern Eurasian land cover using MODIS data","volume":"115","author":"Friedl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.05.006","article-title":"An automated approach for updating land cover maps based on integrated change detection and classification methods","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244693","article-title":"High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change","volume":"342","author":"Hansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.873151","article-title":"Combining per-pixel and object-based classifications for mapping land cover over large areas","volume":"35","author":"Costa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.055","article-title":"High-resolution multi-temporal mapping of global urban land using Landsat images based on the Google Earth Engine Platform","volume":"209","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600210191","article-title":"Development of a GLC characteristics database and IGBP discover from 1 km AVHRR data","volume":"21","author":"Loveland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00078-0","article-title":"Global land cover mapping from MODIS: Algorithms and early results","volume":"83","author":"Friedl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.08.016","article-title":"MODIS collection 5 global land cover: Algorithm refinements and characterization of new datasets","volume":"114","author":"Friedl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160412331291297","article-title":"GLC2000: A new approach to GLC mapping from earth observation data","volume":"26","author":"Belward","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Bontemps, S., Defourney, P., Bogaert, E.V., Arino, O., Kalogirou, V., and Perez, J.R. (2019, August 06). GlobCover2009 Products Description and Validation Report. Available online: http:\/\/due.esrin.esa.int\/globcover\/LandCover2009\/GLOBCOVER2009_Validation_Report_2.2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/17538941003777521","article-title":"Production of global land cover-GLCNMO","volume":"4","author":"Tateishi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.09.002","article-title":"Global land cover mapping at 30 m resolution: A POK-based operational approach","volume":"103","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"650","article-title":"Completion of the 1990\u2032s National Land Cover Data Set for the conterminous United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and ancillary data sources","volume":"67","author":"Vogelmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"337","article-title":"Completion of the 2001 National Land Cover Database for the conterminous United States","volume":"73","author":"Homer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"345","article-title":"Completion of the 2011 national land cover database for the conterminous United States-representing a decade of land cover change information","volume":"81","author":"Homer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5851","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.798055","article-title":"Improving 30 m global land-cover map FROM-GLC with time series MODIS and auxiliary data sets: A segmentation-based approach","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruzzone, L., and Marconcini, M. (2009). Toward the automatic updating of land-cover maps by a domain-adaptation SVM classifier and a circular validation strategy. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 1108\u20131122.","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2007741"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.02.030","article-title":"A new approach for land cover classification and change analysis: Integrating backdating and an object-based method","volume":"177","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.01.012","article-title":"A comprehensive change detection method for updating the national land cover database to circa 2011","volume":"132","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.04.021","article-title":"A land cover change detection and classification protocol for updating Alaska NLCD 2001 to 2011","volume":"195","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2018.10.008","article-title":"An automatic approach for land-change detection and land updates based on integrated NDVI timing analysis and the CVAPS method with GEE support","volume":"146","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C., Du, P.J., Samat, A., Li, E.Z., Wang, X., and Xia, J.S. (2019). Automatic updating of land cover maps in rapidly urbanizing regions by relational knowledge transferring from GlobeLand30. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11121397"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2195727","article-title":"Updating land-cover maps by classification of image time series: A novel change-detection-driven transfer learning approach","volume":"51","author":"Demir","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wessels, K.J., Van den Bergh, F., Roy, D.P., Salmon, B.P., Steenkamp, K.C., MacAlister, B., Swanepoel, D., and Jewitt, D. (2016). Rapid land cover map updates using change detection and robust random forest classifiers. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8110888"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, T.J., Luo, J.C., Zhou, Y.N., Wang, C.P., Xi, J.B., and Fang, J.W. (2020). Geo-object-based land cover map update for high-spatial-resolution remote sensing images via change detection and label transfer. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010174"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.01.001","article-title":"Global land cover mapping using Earth observation satellite data: Recent progresses and challenges","volume":"103","author":"Ban","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"United Nations (2012). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"138","article-title":"Satellite monitoring of urbanization and environmental impacts-a comparison of Stockholm and Shanghai","volume":"38","author":"Haas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.70.7.829","article-title":"Development of a 2001 national land-cover database for the United States","volume":"70","author":"Homer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"967","article-title":"Relative radiometric normalization performance for change detection from multi-date satellite images","volume":"66","author":"Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3119","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160701469065","article-title":"An object-oriented approach for analyzing and characterizing urban landscape at the parcel level","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.3390\/s8031613","article-title":"Object-based land cover classification and change analysis in the Baltimore metropolitan area using multitemporal high resolution remote sensing data","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.06.004","article-title":"Object based image analysis for remote sensing","volume":"65","author":"Blaschke","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISPRS-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2003.10.002","article-title":"Multi-resolution, object-oriented fuzzy analysis of remote sensing data for GIS-ready information","volume":"58","author":"Benz","year":"2004","journal-title":"ISPRS-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161003745657","article-title":"Object-based urban detailed land cover classification with high spatial resolution IKONOS imagery","volume":"32","author":"Pu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"572","article-title":"Detecting land-use\/land-cover change in rural\u2013urban fringe areas using extended change-vector analysis","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.06.007","article-title":"A 30-year (1984\u20132013) record of annual urban dynamics of Beijing city derived from Landsat data","volume":"166","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.07.003","article-title":"Change detection of built-up land: A framework of combining pixel-based detection and object-based recognition","volume":"119","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.01.013","article-title":"Forest change detection by statistical object-based method","volume":"102","author":"Bogaert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.10.008","article-title":"Landslide mapping from aerial photographs using change detection-based Markov Random Field","volume":"187","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.69.4.369","article-title":"Land-use\/land-cover change detection using improved change-vector analysis","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.885408","article-title":"A theoretical framework for unsupervised change detection based on change vector analysis in the polar domain","volume":"45","author":"Bovolo","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2321277","article-title":"Hierarchical unsupervised change detection in multitemporal hyperspectral images","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, X.H., Pan, H.Y., Liu, S.C., Li, B.B., Luo, X., Xie, H., and Xu, X. (2020). A novel approach for hyperspectral change detection based on uncertain area analysis and improved transfer learning. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens.","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2020.2990481"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160304987","article-title":"Use of normalized difference built-up index in automatically mapping urban areas from TM imagery","volume":"24","author":"Zha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608948714","article-title":"The use of the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) in the delineation of open water features","volume":"17","author":"Mcfeeters","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1538","article-title":"Monitoring urban expansion and land use\/land cover changes of Shanghai metropolitan area during the transitional economy (1979\u20132009) in China","volume":"9","author":"Yin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.10.007","article-title":"Assessment of the image misregistration effects on object-based change detection","volume":"87","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1109\/36.718860","article-title":"The effects of image misregistration on the accuracy of remotely sensed change detection","volume":"36","author":"Dai","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1109\/36.175340","article-title":"The impact of misregistration on change detection","volume":"30","author":"Townshend","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/19\/3147\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:13:24Z","timestamp":1760177604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/19\/3147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12193147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12193147","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]}}}