{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T21:16:23Z","timestamp":1779311783406,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-18-LEAP-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-18-LEAP-0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014836","name":"Agenzia Italiana per la Cooperazione allo Sviluppo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N.03\/2020\/WEFE-SENEGAL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N.03\/2020\/WEFE-SENEGAL"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate monitoring of surface water bodies is essential in numerous hydrological and agricultural applications. Combining imagery from multiple sensors can improve long-term monitoring; however, the benefits derived from each sensor and the methods to automate long-term water mapping must be better understood across varying periods and in heterogeneous water environments. All available observations from Landsat 7, Landsat 8, Sentinel-2 and MODIS over 1999\u20132019 are processed in Google Earth Engines to evaluate and compare the benefits of single and multi-sensor approaches in long-term water monitoring of temporary water bodies, against extensive ground truth data from the Senegal River floodplain. Otsu automatic thresholding is compared with default thresholds and site-specific calibrated thresholds to improve Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) classification accuracy. Otsu thresholding leads to the lowest Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and high overall accuracies on selected Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 images, but performance declines when applied to long-term monitoring compared to default or site-specific thresholds. On MODIS imagery, calibrated thresholds are crucial to improve classification in heterogeneous water environments, and results highlight excellent accuracies even in small (19 km2) water bodies despite the 500 m spatial resolution. Over 1999\u20132019, MODIS observations reduce average daily RMSE by 48% compared to the full Landsat 7 and 8 archive and by 51% compared to the published Global Surface Water datasets. Results reveal the need to integrate coarser MODIS observations in regional and global long-term surface water datasets, to accurately capture flood dynamics, overlooked by the full Landsat time series before 2013. From 2013, the Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 constellation becomes sufficient, and integrating MODIS observations degrades performance marginally. Combining Landsat and Sentinel-2 yields modest improvements after 2015. These results have important implications to guide the development of multi-sensor products and for applications across large wetlands and floodplains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T08:02:58Z","timestamp":1601280178000},"page":"3157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Combining Multi-Sensor Satellite Imagery to Improve Long-Term Monitoring of Temporary Surface Water Bodies in the Senegal River Floodplain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2604-3191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Ogilvie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"G-EAU, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34196 CEDEX 5, France"},{"name":"ISRA, BAME, BP 3120 Dakar, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9491-509X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Christophe","family":"Poussin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G-EAU, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34196 CEDEX 5, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Claude","family":"Bader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G-EAU, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34196 CEDEX 5, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6573-0456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Finda","family":"Bayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISRA, BAME, BP 3120 Dakar, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3107-6019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ansoumana","family":"Bodian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Le\u00efdi Laboratory\u2014Dynamics of Territories and Development, Gaston Berger University (UGB), BP 234 Saint-Louis, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Honor\u00e9","family":"Dacosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), BP 5005 Dakar, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Djiby","family":"Dia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISRA, BAME, BP 3120 Dakar, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1341-219X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lamine","family":"Diop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFR S2ATA Agronomic Sciences, Aquaculture and Food Technologies, Gaston Berger University (UGB), BP 234 Saint-Louis, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G-EAU, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34196 CEDEX 5, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soussou","family":"Sambou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Department of Physics, Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), BP 5005 Dakar, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2013.809088","article-title":"Panta Rhei\u2014Everything Flows: Change in hydrology and society\u2014The IAHS Scientific Decade 2013\u20132022","volume":"58","author":"Montanari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrol. 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