{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T22:54:34Z","timestamp":1780354474567,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Key Research and Development Project","award":["2017YFC1503000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1503000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Built-up land in floodplains (BLF) is a driver and a disaster-bearing body of flood risk from a socio-hydrological perspective. The relationship between BLF growth and flood vulnerability is the key to understanding and managing flood risk. However, previous studies have focused more on the relationship between BLF growth and flood exposure, ignoring flood vulnerability. We examined the BLF expansion pattern (patch size and expansion type) in the North China Plain Area from 1975 to 2014 (1975\u20131990\u20132000\u20132014) using GIS (geographic information system)-based landscape analysis and revealed its relationship with flood vulnerability. The results show that the BLF area experienced rapid growth (288.26%) from dispersion to coalescence. Small patches dominated the number and area of BLF growth, and edge-expansion patches were the expansion type with the most area growth. We discovered that flood vulnerability was significantly correlated with the growth in small (R = 0.36, p &lt; 0.01), edge-expansion (R = 0.53, p &lt; 0.01), and outlying patches (R = 0.51, p &lt; 0.01). Large patches were not significantly correlated with flood vulnerability (R = 0.18, p &gt; 0.1), but there was a negative trend. Infilling patch growth was significantly associated with flood vulnerability over a long period (R = 0.27, p &lt; 0.05). In addition, we suggest nature-based soft adaptations or village merging for small patches and outlying patches. Our findings have important scientific significance for adequately understanding the interplay between BLF growth and flood risk. It has practical implications for the formulation of integrated flood risk management strategy and the sustainable development of floodplains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T08:02:58Z","timestamp":1601280178000},"page":"3172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Impact of Expansion Pattern of Built-Up Land in Floodplains on Flood Vulnerability: A Case Study in the North China Plain Area"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1419-3168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangpeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziying","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jifu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanli","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xichen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongze","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianyou","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034018","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aaac07","article-title":"How did the urban land in floodplains distribute and expand in China from 19922\u2013015?","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.124609","article-title":"Assessing connectivity between the river channel and floodplains during high flows using hydrodynamic modeling and particle tracking analysis","volume":"583","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burke, J.J., Pricope, N.G., and Blum, J. (2016). Thermal imagery-derived surface inundation modeling to assess flood risk in a flood-pulsed savannah watershed in Botswana and Namibia. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8080676"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-17-3295-2013","article-title":"Socio-hydrology: Conceptualising human-flood interactions","volume":"17","author":"Viglione","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15264-2","article-title":"New insights into US flood vulnerability revealed from flood insurance big data","volume":"11","author":"Wing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4782","DOI":"10.1002\/2015WR016945","article-title":"Debates-Perspectives on socio-hydrology: Modeling flood risk as a public policy problem","volume":"51","author":"Gober","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.8426","article-title":"Socio-hydrology: A new science of people and water","volume":"26","author":"Sivapalan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-014-0633-9","article-title":"Flood exposure and settlement expansion since pre-industrial times in 1850 until 2011 in north Bavaria, Germany","volume":"15","author":"Wegmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2011.11.006","article-title":"Land use dynamics, built-up land expansion patterns, and driving forces analysis of the fast-growing Hangzhou metropolitan area, eastern China (19782\u2013008)","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2018.05.012","article-title":"Spatio-temporal analysis on built-up land expansion and population growth in the Yangtze River Delta Region, China: From a coordination perspective","volume":"96","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.12.038","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of urban expansion in 13 cities across the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration from 1978 to 2015","volume":"87","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2019.1707718","article-title":"Land use\/land cover change along the Eastern Coast of the UAE and its impact on flooding risk","volume":"11","author":"Hussein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Haz. Risk"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019EF001382","DOI":"10.1029\/2019EF001382","article-title":"The role of urban growth in resilience of communities under flood risk","volume":"8","author":"Hemmati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Future"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2018.07.002","article-title":"Impacts of climate and land use changes on flood risk management for the schijn river, belgium","volume":"89","author":"Tahmina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1080\/20964471.2019.1625528","article-title":"Automated global delineation of human settlements from 40 years of Landsat satellite data archives","volume":"3","author":"Corbane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Big Earth Data"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pesaresi, M., Syrris, V., and Julea, A. (2016). A new method for earth observation data analytics based on symbolic machine learning. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8050399"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"45","article-title":"Research review on the city flood control of China","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dalian Univ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3350","article-title":"A global framework for future costs and benefits of river-flood prevention in urban areas","volume":"7","author":"Ward","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2019.101186","article-title":"Urbanization and floods in the Seoul Metropolitan area of South Korea: What old maps tell us","volume":"37","author":"Bae","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135868","article-title":"Quantifying the response of potential flooding risk to urban growth in Beijing","volume":"705","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2019.01.010","article-title":"Reconstruction of cropland change in North China Plain Area over the past 300 years","volume":"176","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Global Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125348","article-title":"Improved water storage estimates within the North China Plain by assimilating GRACE data into the CABLE model","volume":"590","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics (2019). China Statistical Yearbook 2019, China Statistical Press."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Yang, H., Lacayo, M., Liu, J., and Lei, G. (2018). Impacts of land-use and land-cover changes on water yield: A case study in Jing-Jin-Ji, China. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10040960"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-14-0048.1","article-title":"Hydrometeorological analysis and remote sensing of extremes: Was the July 2012 Beijing flood event detectable and predictable by global satellite observing and global weather modeling systems?","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Rudari, R., Silvestro, F., Campo, L., Rebora, N., Boni, G., and Herold, C. (2015). Improvement of the Global Food Model for the GAR 2015, United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Brakenridge, G.R. (2020, June 02). Global Active Archive of Large Flood Events. Available online: http:\/\/floodobservatory.colorado.edu\/Archives\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-010-9454-5","article-title":"A new landscape index for quantifying urban expansion using multi-temporal remotely sensed data","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-20-981-2020","article-title":"Urban pluvial flood risk assessment-data resolution and spatial scale when developing screening approaches on the microscale","volume":"20","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2018.12.011","article-title":"Identifying the essential flood conditioning factors for flood prone area mapping using machine learning techniques","volume":"175","author":"Tehrany","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2018.12.007","article-title":"Temporal and spatial dynamics of falls among older pedestrians in Sweden","volume":"103","author":"Ceccato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2019.05.020","article-title":"Flood risk and its reduction in China","volume":"130","author":"Kundzewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, X. (2020). Flood risk and flood management policies in China. Annual Report on China\u2019s Response to Climate Change (2017), Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-9660-1_6"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China (2014). Standard for Flood Control (GB50201-2014)."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10841","DOI":"10.1002\/2017WR021344","article-title":"Adaptation to sea level rise: A multidisciplinary analysis for ho chi minn city, vietnam","volume":"53","author":"Scussolini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Resour Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.5509\/2015883623","article-title":"The urban political ecology of the 2011 floods in Bangkok: The creation of uneven vulnerabilities","volume":"88","author":"Marks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pac. Aff."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.9260","article-title":"Floods, false hope, and the future","volume":"26","author":"Ziegler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04396-1","article-title":"Effective adaptation to rising flood risk","volume":"9","author":"Jongman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2013.06.001","article-title":"Short-term rainfall forecasts as a soft adaptation to climate change in irrigation management in north-east india","volume":"127","author":"Mishra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agr. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez-Juarez, P., Chiabai, A., Su\u00e1rez, C., and Quiroga, S. (2019). Insights on urban and periurban adaptation strategies based on stakeholders\u2019 perceptions on hard and soft responses to climate change. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11030647"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, M., D\u0105browski, M., and Stead, D. (2020). Shifts in Spatial Plans for Flood Resilience and Climate Adaptation: Examining Planning Procedure and Planning Mandates. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12010105"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3303","article-title":"What is driving the abandonment of villages in the mountains of Southeast China?","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2020.104627","article-title":"Primary causes of total hamlet abandonment for different types of hamlets in remote mountain areas of China: A case study of Shouning County, Fujian Province","volume":"95","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Li, Y., Wang, Q., and Cheong, K.C. (2019). Urban-Rural Construction Land Replacement for More Sustainable Land Use and Regional Development in China: Policies and Practices. Land, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/land8110171"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106774","article-title":"How does increasing impervious surfaces affect urban flooding in response to climate variability?","volume":"118","author":"Sohn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109719","article-title":"Cumulative effect of the disconnection of impervious areas within residential lots on runoff generation and temporal patterns in a small urban area","volume":"253","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Ji, J., Wang, H., Deng, M., and Yu, C. (2020). Risk assessment of urban rainstorm disaster based on multi-layer weighted principal component analysis: A case study of Nanjing, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155523"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134462","article-title":"The growth mode of built-up land in floodplains and its impacts on flood vulnerability","volume":"700","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.08.035","article-title":"Assessing the accuracy of multi-temporal built-up land layers across rural-urban trajectories in the United States","volume":"204","author":"Leyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-014-1463-2","article-title":"Quantifying the impact of impervious surface location on flood peak discharge in urban areas","volume":"76","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, G., Liu, Y., Hu, Z., Lyu, Y., Zhang, G., Liu, J., Liu, Y., Gu, Y., Huang, X., and Zheng, H. (2020). Flood Risk Assessment Based on Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Method in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Area, China. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12041451"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.01.290","article-title":"Global exposure to rainstorms and the contribution rates of climate change and population change","volume":"663","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0173-2","article-title":"Global economic response to river floods","volume":"8","author":"Willner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0257-z","article-title":"Increased human and economic losses from river flooding with anthropogenic warming","volume":"8","author":"Dottori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Liu, J., Wang, H., Shao, W., Mei, C., and Ding, X. (2020). Matching analysis of investment structure and urban inundation control function of sponge cities in China. J. Clean Prod., 121850.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121850"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"6","article-title":"The evolution trend, key features and countermeasures of urban flood risk","volume":"25","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"China Flood Drought Manag."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Ruig, L.T., Haer, T., De Moel, H., Botzen, W.W., and Aerts, J.C. (2019). A micro-scale cost-benefit analysis of building-level flood risk adaptation measures in Los Angeles. Water Resour. Econ., 100147. in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wre.2019.100147"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15665-3","article-title":"Economic motivation for raising coastal flood defenses in Europe","volume":"11","author":"Vousdoukas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2020.102037","article-title":"Hard or soft flood adaptation? Advantages of a hybrid strategy for Shanghai","volume":"61","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/19\/3172\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:14:20Z","timestamp":1760177660000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/19\/3172"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12193172"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12193172","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]}}}