{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T04:53:08Z","timestamp":1762145588676,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC0213104, 2018YFC0213201, 2016YFC0203302, 2017YFC0210002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC0213104, 2018YFC0213201, 2016YFC0203302, 2017YFC0210002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Anhui Science and Technology Major Project","award":["18030801111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18030801111"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41722501, 91544212, 51778596, 41575021, 41977184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41722501, 91544212, 51778596, 41575021, 41977184"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA23020301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA23020301"]}]},{"name":"National Key Project for Causes and Control of Heavy Air Pollution","award":["DQGG0102-03,DQGG0205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DQGG0102-03,DQGG0205"]}]},{"name":"National High-Resolution Earth Observation Project of China","award":["05-Y30B01-9001-19\/20-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05-Y30B01-9001-19\/20-3"]}]},{"name":"Civil Aerospace Technology Advance Research Project","award":["Y7K00100KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y7K00100KJ"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water vapor vertical profiles are important in numerical weather prediction, moisture transport, and vertical flux calculation. This study presents the Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) retrieval algorithm for water vapor vertical profiles and the retrieved results are validated with corresponding independent datasets under clear sky. The retrieved Vertical Column Densities (VCDs) and surface concentrations are validated with the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) and National Climatic Data Centre (NCDC) datasets, achieving good correlation coefficients (R) of 0.922 and 0.876, respectively. The retrieved vertical profiles agree well with weekly balloon-borne radiosonde measurements. Furthermore, the retrieved water vapor concentrations at different altitudes (100\u20132000 m) are validated with the corresponding European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-interim datasets, achieving a correlation coefficient (R) varying from 0.695 to 0.857. The total error budgets for the surface concentrations and VCDs are 31% and 38%, respectively. Finally, the retrieval performance of the MAX-DOAS algorithm under different aerosol loads is evaluated. High aerosol loads obstruct the retrieval of surface concentrations and VCDs, with surface concentrations more liable to severe interference from such aerosol loads. To summarize, the feasibility of detecting water vapor profiles using MAX-DOAS under clear sky is confirmed in this work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T20:56:22Z","timestamp":1601412982000},"page":"3193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Validation of Water Vapor Vertical Distributions Retrieved from MAX-DOAS over Beijing, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hua","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China"},{"name":"Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengzhi","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qihou","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoran","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qihua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangguang","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7051-4272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W10525","DOI":"10.1029\/2009WR009041","article-title":"Salt marsh\u2013atmosphere exchange of energy, 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