{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T01:38:20Z","timestamp":1768527500100,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pre-research project on Civil Aerospace Technologies supported by China National Space Administration","award":["D020102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D020102"]}]},{"name":"Pre-research project on Civil Aerospace Technologies supported by China National Space Administration","award":["D020205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D020205"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDB 41000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB 41000000"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11941001, 41972322\uff0c U1931211, 41706063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11941001, 41972322\uff0c U1931211, 41706063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2019MD008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2019MD008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Until 29 May 2020, the Visible and Near-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (VNIS) onboard the Yutu-2 Rover of the Chang\u2019e-4 (CE-4) has acquired 96 high-resolution surface in-situ imaging spectra. These spectra were acquired under different illumination conditions, thus photometric normalization should be conducted to correct the introduced albedo differences before deriving the quantitative mineralogy for accurate geologic interpretations. In this study, a Lommel\u2013Seeliger (LS) model and Hapke radiative transfer (Hapke) model were used and empirical phase functions of the LS model were derived. The values of these derived phase functions exhibit declining trends with the increase in phase angles and the opposition effect and phase reddening effect were observed. Then, we discovered from in-situ and laboratory measurements that the shadows caused by surface roughness have significant impacts on reflectance spectra and proper corrections were introduced. The validations of different phase functions showed that the maximum discrepancy at 1500 nm of spectra corrected by the LS model was less (~3.7%) than that by the Hapke model (~7.4%). This is the first time that empirical phase functions have been derived for a wavelength from 450 to 2395 nm using in-situ visible and near-infrared spectral datasets. Generally, photometrically normalized spectra exhibit smaller spectral slopes, lower FeO contents and larger optical maturity parameter (OMAT) than spectra without correction. In addition, the band centers of the 1 and 2 \u03bcm absorption features of spectra after photometric normalization exhibit a more concentrated distribution, indicating the compositional homogeneity of soils at the CE-4 landing site.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T11:28:57Z","timestamp":1601551737000},"page":"3211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Photometric Normalization of Chang\u2019e-4 Visible and Near-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer Datasets: A Combined Study of In-Situ and Laboratory Spectral Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1919-0265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaobin","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9260-5765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zongcheng","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3759-0254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0054-9557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haijun","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, 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Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiping","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8107-5802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianzhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongliao","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2018.02.011","article-title":"The scientific objectives and payloads of Chang\u2019E-4 mission","volume":"162","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Planet. 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