{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T08:21:32Z","timestamp":1781079692655,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project","award":["2017YFC0504401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0504401"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aggregated mining development has direct and indirect impacts on vegetation changes. This impact shows spatial differences due to the complex influence of multiple mines, which is a common issue in resource regions. To estimate the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation response to mining activities, we coupled vegetation changes and mining development through a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model for three cumulative periods between 1999 and 2018 in integrated resource regions of northwestern China. Vegetation changes were monitored by Sen\u2019s slope and the Mann\u2013Kendall test according to a total of 72 Landsat images. Spatial distribution of mining development was quantified, due to four land-use maps in 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2017. The results showed that 80% of vegetation in the study area experienced different degrees of degradation, more serious in the overlapping areas of multiple mines and mining areas. The scope of influence for single mines on vegetation shrunk by about 48%, and the mean coefficients increased by 20%, closer to mining areas. The scope of influence for multiple mines on vegetation gradually expanded to 86% from the outer edge to the inner overlapping areas of mining areas, where the mean coefficients increased by 92%. The correlation between elevation and vegetation changes varied according to the average elevation of the total mining areas. Ultimately, the available ecological remediation should be systematically considered for local conditions and mining consequences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T10:46:17Z","timestamp":1601981177000},"page":"3247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Spatial Heterogeneity of Vegetation Response to Mining Activities in Resource Regions of Northwestern China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hanting","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Xueyuan Road 29, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Xueyuan Road 29, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, Ministry of Natural Resources of the PRC, Guanying Yuan West 37, Beijing 100035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huihui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Xueyuan Road 29, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Xueyuan Road 29, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Xueyuan Road 29, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2010.0122","article-title":"Patterns in Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Systems: Monitoring, Modeling, and Data Assimilation","volume":"9","author":"Vereecken","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vadose Zone J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1235773","article-title":"The Consequence of Tree Pests and Diseases for Ecosystem Services","volume":"342","author":"Boyd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3725","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1519911113","article-title":"Global change and terrestrial plant community dynamics","volume":"113","author":"Franklin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.01.017","article-title":"Greenness in semi-arid areas across the globe 1981\u20132007\u2014An Earth Observing Satellite based analysis of trends and drivers","volume":"121","author":"Fensholt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3004","article-title":"Greening of the Earth and its drivers","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2014.06.032","article-title":"Measurement methods and applications for beneficial and detrimental effects of ecological services","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"United Nations(UN) (2020, September 03). Sustainable Development Goals: 17 Goals to Transform Our World. Available online: http:\/\/www.un.org\/sustainabledevelopment\/sustainable-development-goals\/."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"United Nations(UN) (2020, September 03). Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021\u20132030. Available online: https:\/\/www.decadeonrestoration.org\/."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040119-094104","article-title":"Impacts of Coal Use on Health","volume":"Volume 41","author":"Fielding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annual Review of Public Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126960","article-title":"Exposure of heavy metals in coal gangue soil, in and outside the mining area using BCR conventional and vortex assisted and single step extraction methods. Impact on orchard grass","volume":"255","author":"Qureshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.03.282","article-title":"Zoning and management of phreatic water resource conservation impacted by underground coal mining: A case study in arid and semiarid areas","volume":"224","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, K., Zhang, Y.X., Ruan, M.Y., Guo, J., and Chai, T.Y. (2019). Land Subsidence in a Coal Mining Area Reduced Soil Fertility and Led to Soil Degradation in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16203929"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"11","article-title":"Ecological methods and indicators for recovering and monitoring ecosystems after mining: A global literature review","volume":"145","author":"Martins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.08.115","article-title":"Ecological coal mining based dynamic equilibrium strategy to reduce pollution emissions and energy consumption","volume":"167","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.2478\/s11756-019-00218-x","article-title":"Vegetation diversity on coal mine spoil heaps\u2014How important is the texture of the soil substrate?","volume":"74","author":"Bierza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2015.08.002","article-title":"Sulfate reducing bioreactor dependence on organic substrates for remediation of coal-generated acid mine drainage: Field experiments","volume":"63","author":"Lefticariu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6613","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-07396-w","article-title":"Effect of coal mining activities and related industry on composition, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of surrounding soils","volume":"27","author":"Fiket","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-018-3904-0","article-title":"Toxicological Effects of Surface Water Exposed to Coal Contamination on the Test System Allium cepa","volume":"229","author":"Artico","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.4136\/ambi-agua.2036","article-title":"Coal extraction causes sediment toxicity in aquatic environments in Santa Catarina, Brazil","volume":"12","author":"Freitas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Ambiente \u00c1gua"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.12783\/issn.1544-8053\/13\/S1\/11","article-title":"Coal Dust Reduce the Rate of Root Growth and Photosynthesis of Five Plant Species in Inner Mongolian Grassland","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Residuals Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13489","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6432-8","article-title":"Soil characterization and differential patterns of heavy metal accumulation in woody plants grown in coal gangue wastelands in Shaanxi, China","volume":"23","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12494","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3171-6","article-title":"Evaluation of heavy metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons accumulation in plants from typical industrial sites: Potential candidate in phytoremediation for co-contamination","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"National Development and Reform Commission, and PRC (2020, September 19). 13th Five-Year Plan for Coal Industry Development, Available online: https:\/\/www.ndrc.gov.cn\/xxgk\/zcfb\/ghwb\/201612\/t20161230_962216.html."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-018-0048-6","article-title":"Impact of coal mining on stream biodiversity in the US and its regulatory implications","volume":"1","author":"Giam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-020-8806-y","article-title":"Potential impacts of mining of super-thick coal seam on the local environment in arid Eastern Junggar coalfield, Xinjiang region, China","volume":"79","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.02.026","article-title":"Evolutionary trend of the coal industry chain in China: Evidence from the analysis of I-O and APL model","volume":"145","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1080\/20964129.2020.1787092","article-title":"Impact of coal power generation on the characteristics and risk of heavy metal pollution in nearby soil","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Health Sustain."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2013.07.002","article-title":"The cumulative dimensions of impact in resource regions","volume":"38","author":"Franks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2013.03.005","article-title":"Cultivating collaboration: Lessons from initiatives to understand and manage cumulative impacts in Australian resource regions","volume":"38","author":"Porter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.04.034","article-title":"Effect of natural conditions and mining activities on vegetation variations in arid and semiarid mining regions","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-015-4134-z","article-title":"Methods and applications for ecological vulnerability evaluation in a hyper-arid oasis: A case study of the Turpan Oasis, China","volume":"74","author":"Pei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, A.M., Dong, J.H., Cao, Z.G., Zhang, F., and Li, Y.F. (2020). Tempo-Spatial Variation of Vegetation Coverage and Influencing Factors of Large-Scale Mining Areas in Eastern Inner Mongolia, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010047"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.09.011","article-title":"Dynamic analysis of ecological environment combined with land cover and NDVI changes and implications for sustainable urban-rural development: The case of Mu Us Sandy Land, China","volume":"142","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0002-9092.2004.600_2.x","article-title":"Geographically Weighted Regression: The Analysis of Spatially Varying Relationships","volume":"86","author":"McMillen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Agric. Econ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.06.032","article-title":"Urbanization impact on landscape patterns in Beijing City, China: A spatial heterogeneity perspective","volume":"82","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.12.042","article-title":"Crowdsourcing indicators for cultural ecosystem services: A geographically weighted approach for mountain landscapes","volume":"64","author":"Tenerelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.267","article-title":"Land use change, urbanization, and change in landscape pattern in a metropolitan area","volume":"655","author":"Dadashpoor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.05.389","article-title":"Investigating urban heat island through spatial analysis of New York City streetscapes","volume":"233","author":"Shaker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.02.269","article-title":"Revisiting the estimations of PM2.5-attributable mortality with advancements in PM2.5 mapping and mortality statistics","volume":"666","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120797","article-title":"Spatial-temporal distribution of carbon emissions by daily travel and its response to urban form: A case study of Hangzhou, China","volume":"257","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137004","article-title":"Responses of ecosystem services to natural and anthropogenic forcings: A spatial regression based assessment in the world\u2019s largest mangrove ecosystem","volume":"715","author":"Sannigrahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135005","article-title":"Spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of ecosystem service supply and demand across the conterminous United States: A multiscale analysis","volume":"703","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"14","article-title":"Possibility of optimized indices for the assessment of heavy metal contents in soil around an open pit coal mine area","volume":"73","author":"Sawut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) (2020, September 18). Special Report On Climate Change And Land: Desertification. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/srccl\/chapter\/chapter-3\/."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2018.02.002","article-title":"Social impact assessment in the mining sector: Review and comparison of indicators frameworks","volume":"57","author":"Mancini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (IEA) (2020, September 18). World Energy Outlook 2017: China. Available online: https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/world-energy-outlook-2017-china."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4705954","article-title":"Concentrations, Spatial Distributions, and Sources of Heavy Metals in Surface Soils of the Coal Mining City Wuhai, China","volume":"2020","author":"Bu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2014.08.006","article-title":"Effect of coal mining activities on the environment of Tetraena mongolica in Wuhai, Inner Mongolia, China-A geochemical perspective","volume":"132","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.08.036","article-title":"Distribution features and controls of heavy metals in surface sediments from the riverbed of the Ningxia-Inner Mongolian reaches, Yellow River, China","volume":"144","author":"Guan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4354","article-title":"A spatiotemporal analysis of Midwest US temperature and precipitation trends during the growing season from 1980 to 2013","volume":"36","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Ministry of Ecology and Environment, and PRC (2020, September 19). List of National Nature Reserves, Available online: http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/guoqing\/2019-04\/09\/content_5380702.htm."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2019.02.013","article-title":"Identifying drivers of land degradation in Xilingol, China, between 1975 and 2015","volume":"83","author":"Batunacun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1353691","article-title":"Significant Remote Sensing Vegetation Indices: A Review of Developments and Applications","volume":"2017","author":"Xue","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106612","article-title":"Long-term NDVI and recent vegetation cover profiles of major offshore island nesting sites of sea turtles in Saudi waters of the northern Arabian Gulf","volume":"117","author":"Maneja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"309","article-title":"Monitoring vegetation systems in the great plains with ERTS","volume":"351","author":"Schell","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nasa Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2012.10.014","article-title":"Analysis of changes in meteorological variables using Mann-Kendall and Sen\u2019s slope estimator statistical tests in Serbia","volume":"100","author":"Gocic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1968.10480934","article-title":"Estimates of the Regression Coefficient Based on Kendall\u2019s Tau","volume":"63","author":"Sen","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.10.024","article-title":"Spatial and temporal trends of mean and extreme rainfall and temperature for the 33 urban centers of the arid and semi-arid state of Rajasthan, India","volume":"138","author":"Pingale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2307\/1907187","article-title":"Nonparametric test against trend","volume":"13","author":"Mann","year":"1945","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendall, M.G. (1957). Rank Correlation Methods, Griffin. [Oxford University Press, Biometrika Trust].","DOI":"10.2307\/2333282"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"431","article-title":"Geographically Weighted Regression-Modelling Spatial Non-Stationarity","volume":"47","author":"Brunsdon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. D (Stat.)"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.161","article-title":"Spatial variation in the association between NO2 concentrations and shipping emissions in the Red Sea","volume":"676","author":"Alahmadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1970.10488699","article-title":"Generalized Inverses, Ridge Regression, Biased Linear Estimation, and Nonlinear Estimation","volume":"12","author":"Marquardt","year":"1970","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2019.04.027","article-title":"Relative importance of climate change and human activities for vegetation changes on China\u2019s silk road economic belt over multiple timescales","volume":"180","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tai, X.L., Epstein, H.E., and Li, B. (2020). Elevation and Climate Effects on Vegetation Greenness in an Arid Mountain-Basin System of Central Asia. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12101665"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2018.12.007","article-title":"Responses of vegetation to climatic variations in the desert region of northern China","volume":"175","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2016.06.051","article-title":"Vegetation coverage change and stability in large open-pit coal mine dumps in China during 1990-2015","volume":"95","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-019-0067-9","article-title":"Spatio-temporal dynamics of vegetation in Jungar Banner of China during 2000\u20132017","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Arid Land"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2013.02.003","article-title":"Global spatial coincidence between protected areas and metal mining activities","volume":"160","author":"Duran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.02.134","article-title":"A pressure-state-response approach to cumulative impact assessment","volume":"126","author":"Neri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2020.101662","article-title":"Exploring potential impacts of mining on forest loss and fragmentation within a biodiverse region of Brazil\u2019s northeastern Amazon","volume":"67","author":"Sonter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Ministry of Natural Resources, and PRC (2020, September 03). The Report on the National General Survey of Soil Contamination, Available online: http:\/\/g.mnr.gov.cn\/201701\/t20170123_1428712.html."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"185","article-title":"Identifying the Mining Impact Range on the Vegetation of Yangquan Coal Mining Region by Using 3S Technology","volume":"25","author":"Liao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"707","article-title":"Damage assessment of the vegetable types based on remote sensing in the open coalmine of arid desert area","volume":"33","author":"Yao","year":"2013","journal-title":"China Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-018-0726-9","article-title":"A rapid method for quantifying landscape-scale vegetation disturbances by surface coal mining in arid and semiarid regions","volume":"33","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105475","article-title":"Drivers of spatio-temporal ecological vulnerability in an arid, coal mining region in Western China","volume":"106","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121666","article-title":"Geographic distribution of heavy metals and identification of their sources in soils near large, open-pit coal mines using positive matrix factorization","volume":"387","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.06.155","article-title":"Variation in actual evapotranspiration following changes in climate and vegetation cover during an ecological restoration period (2000\u20132015) in the Loess Plateau, China","volume":"689","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9664","article-title":"Response to Comment on \u201cSatellites reveal contrasting responses of regional climate to the widespread greening of Earth\u201d","volume":"360","author":"Forzieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-014-0068-1","article-title":"Long-term vegetation dynamics driven by climatic variations in the Inner Mongolia grassland: Findings from 30-year monitoring","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12795","article-title":"Detection and attribution of vegetation greening trend in China over the last 30 years","volume":"21","author":"Piao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/19\/3247\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:16:57Z","timestamp":1760177817000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/19\/3247"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs12193247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12193247","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]]}}}